•Laser method for synthesis of bimetallic materials for enzyme-free microbiosensors.•Relationship between the structure of complexes and the properties of microbiosensors is shown.•The gap in ...knowledge about the structure of bimetal wine complexes has been filled.
The use of laser methods for synthesizing new materials for non-enzymatic electrochemical microsensors for express analysis of biological fluids is a promising scientific question.
Laser-induced chemical liquid phase deposition is the laser deposition of invisible miniature bimetallic deposits from aqueous solutions of salts and complexes of transition metals. Bimetallic complexes containing two transition metal cations in the shell of one ligand are of increased interest. There is an information gap in this area even for ligands such as tartrate. The studies carried out make it possible to obtain new information on the structure of bimetallic tartaric complexes in solutions containing simultaneously copper, nickel, silver, iron, and cobalt.
This work is devoted to the study of thermalization of plasma created by head-on collisions of high-energy plasma flows in a longitudinal magnetic field of 0.5-2 T. Hydrodynamic flows contained the ...energy of 200 kJ with velocities from 2 × 107 to 4 × 107 cm/s and ion density from 2 × 1015 to 4 × 1015 cm−3 were created inside the 2MK-200 facility by two electrodynamic plasma accelerators equipped by a system of pulsed gas injection. Nitrogen, neon and their mixtures with hydrogen and deuterium were implemented as working gases. A process of plasma creating was investigated by near-wall magnetic probes situated in different parts of the interaction chamber. Temporal evolution of the plasma electron temperature had been traced by x-ray photodiodes covered by different filters. It was discovered that the plasma electron temperature changed insignificantly during 6-8 μs after it reached the maximum value, which means that it ionization state can be considered as quasi-stationary.
Results are presented from experimental studies of a pulsed source of soft X-ray (SXR) emission with photon energies in the range of 0.4–1 keV and an output energy of 2–10 kJ. SXR pulses with a ...duration of 10–15 μs were generated in collisions of two plasma flows propagating toward one another in a longitudinal magnetic field. The plasma flows with velocities of (2–4) × 10
7
cm/s and energy contents of 70–100 kJ were produced by two electrodynamic coaxial accelerators with pulsed gas injection. Nitrogen and neon, as well as their mixtures with deuterium, were used as working gases. The diagnostic equipment is described, and the experimental results obtained under different operating conditions are discussed. In particular, X-ray spectroscopy was used to study the high-temperature plasma produced in a collision of two plasma flows. The observed intensities of spectral lines are compared with the results of detailed kinetic calculations performed in a steady-state approximation. The calculations of the nitrogen and neon kinetics have shown that the electron temperature of a nitrogen plasma can be most conveniently determined from the intensity ratio of the resonance lines of He- and H-like nitrogen ions, while that of a neon plasma, from the intensity ratio between the resonance line of He-like Ne IX ions and the 3
p
−2
s
line of Li-like Ne VIII ions. In the experiments with plasma flows containing nitrogen ions, the electron temperature was found to be ≈120 eV, whereas in the experiments with plasma flows containing neon ions, it was 160–170 eV.
In the paper, experimental results concerning the dynamics of the counter interaction of high-energy plasma flows in a magnetic field with an induction of up to 2 T are presented and discussed. ...Plasma flows with velocities (2–4) × 10
7
cm/s, ion density (2–4) × 10
15
cm
–3
, and energy content of 70–100 kJ were formed by two electrodynamic coaxial accelerators with pulsed gas injection. Nitrogen and neon, as well as their mixtures with deuterium, were used as working gases. A description of the 2MK-200 facility, where the experiments were carried out, and diagnostic equipment are presented. Experimental results obtained in various operating modes of the facility are reported and discussed.
The research of the factors of emigration from Russia taking into account regional features is a relevant topic for modern Russia. Despite essential emigration decrease of Russians, in comparison ...with the 1990th, a problem remains critical. Along with general tendencies, in the regions of Russia, a wide range of factors determining the scales and directions of emigration from Russia has emerged. The identification of a role and quantitative assessment of the effect of these factors will promote the creation of more effective mechanisms for the modern migration policy of the Russian Federation. We consider the scale, dynamics and specific features of the emigration of Russians in the post-Soviet period. The paper indicates the shortcomings of statistical accounting of emigrants from the Russian Federation. Several waves of emigration have been singled out, which differ significantly in their qualitative and quantitative characteristics. Based on the analysis of the constructed indicators characterizing the emigration activity of Russians, we have revealed the peculiarities of emigration in the regions of Russia. We used the regression analysis to quantify the factors responsible for the emigration activity of the population. As initial information for the analysis, we used the official data of Federal State Statistics Service on the number of the Russian citizens who have gone abroad for 2014 considering a region as well as a number of the socio-economic indexes characterizing the level and quality of life of the population. Russians from the border regions are more likely to travel to a permanent place of residence abroad than residents of other regions of the Russian Federation. In the course of time, there was a significant expansion of the directions and channels of emigration, and the socio-demographic portrait of the emigrant has also changed. Emigration from Russia has become “younger”. To a greater extent, women are involved in emigration mainly through the marriage channel. The emigration activity of Russians is significantly influenced by several factors in the regions of current residence. Among these factors, indicators that characterize tensions in regional labour markets and those that play the role of “pushing out” are particularly noted. At the same time, the restraining factor is the proportion of the population with incomes below the subsistence level. The paper also analyses the socio-demographic and economic consequences of emigration. The results of the study can be used to improve the migration policy of the Russian Federation.
Diagnostics of the high-temperature plasma formed during plasma flow collisions by comparing observable intensities of various x-ray spectral lines to accurate kinetic calculation results is ...discussed. Kinetic calculations have shown that using the resonance line intensity ratio of He-like Ne IX and 3p-2s Li-like Ne VIII is the most convenient way to measure neon-containing plasma temperatures. Experimental research results of the pulse soft (0.1-1 keV) x-ray source with a total energy up to 50 kJ are shown. The radiation pulse is generated during a head-on collision of two low-temperature plasma flows immersed in a longitudinal magnetic field. The plasma flows with the velocities up to 4 × 107 cm/s and total energy up to 200 kJ are formed by a coaxial accelerator operating in pulse gas puffing mode. Neon was used as an inflating gas. Electron temperature for a plasma containing Ne ions is about 160-170 eV. Electron density around the collision region is in the range 1016-1017 cm−3.
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