L’objectif de cette étude est de mettre en évidence à partir du suivi de six femmes victimes de viols par leur conjoint, les effets de la thérapie « eye movement desensitization reprocessing », ...notamment en ce qui concerne la réduction des symptômes d’état de stress post-traumatique, d’anxiété et de dépression. Toutes ces femmes ont, en outre, fait l’objet d’une évaluation quantitative à partir d’échelles de mesure proposées avant la prise en charge ainsi qu’à l’issue de chacune des séances. Les échelles utilisées sont l’Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale, l’Impact Event Scale et un indicateur propre à la thérapie Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing, le Subject Unit of Distress. Les victimes ont également participé à deux entretiens plus qualitatifs avant et après la prise en charge, afin d’évaluer plus précisément la présence ou non de symptômes d’état de stress post-traumatique sur la base des indications fournies par le Manuel Diagnostic et Statistique des troubles mentaux (American Psychiatric Association APA, 2004). Les résultats obtenus sont conformes à nos attentes et montrent une diminution significative et progressive des scores aux différentes échelles au fur et à mesure des séances. Ainsi, comme on le rencontre classiquement dans la littérature, une prise en charge par la thérapie Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing conduit les sujets à s’auto-évaluer comme étant de moins en moins perturbés au fur et à mesure que la psychothérapie progresse. Nous avons également pu observer une réduction importante des scores aux différentes échelles à l’issue des deux premières séances. Enfin, la prise en charge psychologique réalisée à partir de la thérapie « eye movement desensitization reprocessing » a conduit à une diminution notable du nombre de symptômes liés au diagnostic d’état de stress post-traumatique. Cette diminution s’est révélée homogène pour les trois critères pris en compte (critère B, C et D du American Psychiatric Association APA, 2004).
In lake sediment investigations of heavy metal pollution history, it has become a common approach to calculate enrichment factors (EFs) by normalizing elemental distributions to a reference ...lithogenic element. However, this approach requires that the reference element remains stable once it has been deposited to the sediment (it is not affected by diagenetic processes). This is rarely studied in well-controlled field experiments. Here, we test the commonly used reference elements titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), aluminum (Al), and rubidium (Rb). We use a unique series of freeze cores collected in different years since 1979 in Lake Nylandssjön in northern Sweden. This lake has sediment with distinct varves (annually laminated deposit). Element concentrations in individual varves were analyzed using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy. By tracking the newly formed surface varve from different cores across this core series, i.e., following the element concentration in a specific varve as it becomes progressively aged, it was possible to assess the potential impact of diagenetic processes on geochemical signatures. Results confirm the conservative character of the studied elements; there was neither an increasing nor a decreasing concentration trend with time during sediment ageing for any of these elements. Secondly, we addressed the question ‘which of them is the most appropriate for EFs estimates with the aim of distinguishing anthropogenic from geogenic inputs, for example in pollution studies’. To assess the reliability of the EFs we used lead (Pb) as an example, because anthropogenic Pb in the sediment could be independently calculated using stable Pb isotopes. When anthropogenic Pb concentrations calculated with Pb-EFs were compared to the anthropogenic Pb concentrations derived from stable Pb isotopes, the differences found were 20% for Ti, 10% for Zr, 11% for Al, and 27% for Rb when upper continental crust concentrations were used for the background ratio. Based on the results from Nylandssjön our suggestions are that (1) when using EFs on a single core, which is the normal case in paleolimnology, multiple reference elements should be used together and (2) the results from those should be critically evaluated.
We used seven annually laminated (varved) sediment cores from Nylandssjön, a lake in northern Sweden, to assess between-core variation and diagenetic changes at annual resolution. By using several ...cores, multiple elements and employing principal components analysis (PCA), we also studied how the geochemical composition changed over time, and assessed to what extent these changes were related to variations in the weather. There are between-core differences for aluminum, silica, lead, titanium, zirconium and dry-mass accumulation rate. Diagenesis causes a decrease in bromine, as well as carbon, nitrogen and varve thickness, as reported in previous publications. In spite of anoxic bottom waters phosphorus is not lost from the sediment. In fact, there is an increase in phosphorus concentrations with time. The PCA identified four principal components (PCs). PC-1 accounts for the relative content of mineral and organic material; PC-2 represents mineral-particle grain size; PC-3 reflects phosphorus loading and PC-4 reflects atmospheric pollution. Variations in the weather partly explain the temporal patterns in PC-1 and PC-2: cold winters, i.e. more accumulation of snow, resulted in more mineral than organic matter (i.e. higher PC-1 scores), and increased the relative amount of coarse-grained mineral particles in the sediment (i.e. lower PC-2 scores). Increased spring precipitation had a weak positive effect on the PC-2 scores by promoting the transport of fine-grained material. However, the influence of weather is weak, explaining at most 30 % of the variance, and hence, other factors, e.g. land use and its effect on soil erosion, seem to be more important for the sediment geochemical composition. The importance of land use is also exemplified by an increase in PC-3 scores in the late 1970s, which can be attributed to a shift in agricultural practices that resulted in increased phosphorus loading to the lake. In summary, our findings show that down-core trends are reproducible between cores, but between-core variability and diagenesis need to be considered when interpreting some elements. We also conclude that there is a need to constrain temporal changes in land use before using lake sediments to study changes in weather or climate.
Mining in Falun, Sweden, was first mentioned in a deed from ad 1288, but previous studies of peat and lake sediments inferred that mining began during the fifth to eighth centuries. In order to ...reassess these findings, we performed new geochemical analyses on new samples from three key sites: Tisksjöbergets myr, a buried mire alongside the mine; Tisken, a small lake in Falun; and Runn, the main recipient for waters draining through Falun. At Tisksjöbergets myr, the peat contains up to 6% copper, giving it the characteristics of a cupriferous bog. Hence, this record is not useful for tracing early mining. The sediments of Tisken—upon which many of the old interpretations have relied—contain numerous cut wood fragments, and two of those gave young and reversed radiocarbon dates (19th and 16th centuries for 192 and 187 cm, respectively). This indicates that the sediment was derived from infilling and, thus, has little value as a historical record. Runn's sediment—the only reliable record—provides clear evidence of a rapid onset of large‐scale mining from c. ad 1245, with abrupt increases in ore‐related elements—for example, a 34‐fold increase in copper—this increase is consistent with the mid‐13th century burial of the mire at Tisksjöberget.
Summary
Objectives
To identify the epidemiology and antifungal susceptibilities of Candida spp. among blood culture isolates to identify the epidemiology and antifungal susceptibilities of Candida ...spp. among blood culture isolates in Sweden.
Methods
The study was a retrospective, observational nationwide laboratory‐based surveillance for fungaemia and fungal meningitis and was conducted from September 2015 to August 2016.
Results
In total, 488 Candida blood culture isolates were obtained from 471 patients (58% males). Compared to our previous study, the incidence of candidaemia has increased from 4.2/100 000 (2005‐2006) to 4.7/100 000 population/year (2015‐2016). The three most common Candida spp. isolated from blood cultures were Candida albicans (54.7%), Candida glabrata (19.7%) and species in the Candida parapsilosis complex (9.4%). Candida resistance to fluconazole was 2% in C. albicans and between 0% and 100%, in non‐albicans species other than C. glabrata and C. krusei. Resistance to voriconazole was rare, except for C. glabrata, C. krusei and C. tropicalis. Resistance to anidulafungin was 3.8% while no Candida isolate was resistant to amphotericin B.
Conclusions
We report an overall increase in candidaemia but a minor decrease of C. albicans while C. glabrata and C. parapsilosis remain constant over this 10‐year period.
The aim of this study was to determine the spatial variability for total‐ and methylmercury in surface sediments (0–2 cm) across a single whole‐lake basin, and to relate this variability to the ...sediment's geochemical composition. 83 surface sediment samples from Stor‐Strömsjön – a lake with multiple sub‐basins located in northern Sweden – were analyzed for geochemical composition as well as total‐mercury (total‐Hg) and methylmercury (methyl‐Hg; 35 samples) concentrations. Our results indicate that variations in fine‐grained mineral matter (36%) and organic matter (34%) explain an equal amount of the total‐Hg variation, but that their relative importance varies between different parts of the lake. Total‐Hg concentrations were similar in locations controlled by organic matter or fine‐grained mineral matter (average 109 ng g−1); however, total‐Hg inventories (mass per unit area) were significantly higher in the latter (35 and 53 μg m−2, respectively). Methyl‐Hg concentrations are largely (55% of variance) controlled by water depth and sulfur concentration, which supports the importance of within lake methylation reported from other studies. Both for concentrations and inventories the spatial distribution for methyl‐Hg in surface sediments is patchy, and interestingly the highest methyl‐Hg inventory (1.4 μg m−2) was found in a shallow location with coarse‐grained minerogenic sediment (very low organic matter). A large spatial variability, even within a single lake, is something that needs to be recognized, e.g., when studying processes affecting mercury cycling, mercury loadings and when using lake sediments to reconstruct historic mercury deposition.
Key Points
Hg and especially methyl‐Hg is highly spatially variable also in a single lake
Total‐Hg is controlled by either fine‐grained mineral matter or organic matter
Methyl‐Hg seems to mostly originate from in‐lake methylation
To compare the accuracy of a fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery (FLAIR) sequence with that of a conventional double spin-echo (SE) sequence in the identification of increased signal intensity of the ...hippocampus in mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS).
Three blinded reviewers independently graded the FLAIR and SE images in 36 patients with intractable complex partial seizures. Reproducibility was tested. At histopathologic examination, the criterion standard, 32 patients had MTS.
The accuracy of FLAIR images was 97% versus 91% for SE images (P<.02). The radiologists preferred the contrast properties of FLAIR to those of SE images by a significant margin (P<.0001). Surgical to nonsurgical hippocampal contrast-to-noise ratio (C/N) measurements were better for the second echo of the SE sequence than for FLAIR (P<.002). Hippocampus-to-background tissue C/N was superior with FLAIR (P<.0001).
FLAIR provides images with T2-weighted contrast and complete suppression of high signal intensity of CSF. Incorporation of a FLAIR sequence into the routine MR evaluation of patients with epilepsy is recommended.
To evaluate fast fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery (FLAIR) technique for imaging brain abnormalities.
A fast FLAIR sequence was developed that provided 36 5-mm contiguous sections in 5 minutes 8 ...seconds. Resulting images were compared with dual-echo T2-weighted spin-echo images of 41 consecutive patients with brain abnormalities.
Contrast and contrast-to-noise ratios (C/Ns) (for contrast between the lesion and background and between the lesion and cerebrospinal fluid) for fast FLAIR exceeded the corresponding values for T2-weighted spin-echo images for all but the second-echo lesion-to-background C/N. Fast FLAIR provided equivalent or greater overall lesion conspicuity and enabled greater lesion detection in 98% and 100%, respectively, of the evaluations. Fast FLAIR images more often had image artifact, but this did not interfere with image interpretation in a significantly (P < or = .05) greater number of evaluations.
Fast FLAIR provides images that are superior to proton-density- and T2-weighted images for many image quality criteria.
The optimization of contrast is considered for the fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) MRI pulse sequence, specifically the contrast of multiple sclerosis (MS) to white matter (WM). A ...performance bound is identified at 1.5 Tesla as that provided using an inversion time (TI) of 2900 ms. It is shown that TR/TI times exceeding 11000/2600 ms provide about 90% of the MS-WM contrast possible theoretically. The commonly reported TR/TI combination of 6000/2000 provides only about 60%. For TR times exceeding 8000 ms, an echo time (TE) of 140 ms is at or near optimum. Use of TR/TI times less than 9000/2400 lacks efficiency in multisection imaging. Predicted relative contrast performance of TR/TI 11000/2600 versus 6000/2000 was evaluated in seven patients with known MS lesions, and measurements closely matched theoretical predictions. It is strongly recommended that for near optimum contrast and high multisection efficiency, FLAIR should be performed with TR/TI times exceeding 10000/2500 ms.
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