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•The electronic and magnetic properties of pure and 50% Ru-doped CrO2 are studied.•CrO2 encounters half-metal to metal transition at 50% Ru doping.•The doped compound Cr0.5Ru0.5O2 is ...ferrimagnetic in nature.•Cr0.5Ru0.5O2 encounters metal-insulator transition (MIT) at U = 6 eV exhibiting ferromagnetism.•The origin of metallic ferrimagnetic property, MIT and ferromagnetism of Cr0.5Ru0.5O2 are investigated sequentially.
The electronic and magnetic properties of Ru-doped tetragonal CrO2 have been investigated by employing density functional theory (DFT). The host material encounters half-metal to metal transition at 50% Ru substitution for Cr. The Ru addition increases the electrical conductivity by adding free electrons into the minority spin channel near EF. The doped material Cr0.5Ru0.5O2 exhibits ferrimagnetic behaviour with a saturation magnetic moment of 0.8μB. Eventually, Cr0.5Ru0.5O2 encounters metal–insulator transition (MIT) at U = 6 eV showing ferromagnetism. It is revealed for the first time that the segregation of electron from Ru-4dt2g to Cr-3dt2g orbital induces Cr3+–Ru5+ charge ordering, which triggers MIT in Cr0.5Ru0.5O2 that is accompanied by weak static but strong dynamical electron correlation effect arising from on-site Coulomb interaction U = 6 eV. Additionally, strong Hund’s coupling between localized Cr-t2g and Ru-dxy orbitals is responsible for the ferromagnetic behaviour of Cr0.5Ru0.5O2.
Abstract Objectives To review research published before and after the passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (2010) examining barriers in seeking or accessing health care in rural ...populations in the USA. Study design This literature review was based on a comprehensive search for all literature researching rural health care provision and access in the USA. Methods Pubmed, Proquest Allied Nursing and Health Literature, National Rural Health Association (NRHA) Resource Center and Google Scholar databases were searched using the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) ‘Rural Health Services’ and ‘Rural Health.’ MeSH subtitle headings used were ‘USA,’ ‘utilization,’ ‘trends’ and ‘supply and distribution.’ Keywords added to the search parameters were ‘access,’ ‘rural’ and ‘health care.’ Searches in Google Scholar employed the phrases ‘health care disparities in the USA,’ inequalities in ‘health care in the USA,’ ‘health care in rural USA’ and ‘access to health care in rural USA.’ After eliminating non-relevant articles, 34 articles were included. Results Significant differences in health care access between rural and urban areas exist. Reluctance to seek health care in rural areas was based on cultural and financial constraints, often compounded by a scarcity of services, a lack of trained physicians, insufficient public transport, and poor availability of broadband internet services. Rural residents were found to have poorer health, with rural areas having difficulty in attracting and retaining physicians, and maintaining health services on a par with their urban counterparts. Conclusions Rural and urban health care disparities require an ongoing program of reform with the aim to improve the provision of services, promote recruitment, training and career development of rural health care professionals, increase comprehensive health insurance coverage and engage rural residents and healthcare providers in health promotion.
Abstract
Complex structure formation inside or through turbid media is a challenging task due to refractive index inhomogeneity, random light scattering, and speckle noise formation. In this article, ...we have coupled the data regression model in the R-squared metric and used its advantages as a fitness function in the genetic algorithm to advance the resolution and structural uniformity. As a compatible system with the binary genetic algorithm, we have presented a cost-effective iterative wavefront shaping system-design with binary phase modulation using an affordable ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC) based binary-phase spatial light modulator (SLM). R-squared metric in the genetic algorithm is analyzed to optimize the binary phase mask, and the prototype system based on iterative binary phase modulation has been validated with a 120-grit ground glass diffuser and fresh chicken tissues of thickness 307
$${\upmu }\text {m}$$
μ
m
and 812
$${\upmu }\text {m}$$
μ
m
. The detailed results show that the proposed cost-effective wavefront shaping system with data regression model assisted R-squared fitness function can construct high-resolution multiple complex hetero-structures simultaneously in 3D volume using an optimized single phase-mask.
Key message
New models for integration of major gene MAS with modern breeding approaches stand to greatly enhance the reliability and efficiency of breeding, facilitating the leveraging of ...traditional genetic diversity.
Genetic diversity is well recognised as contributing essential variation to crop breeding processes, and marker-assisted selection is cited as the primary tool to bring this diversity into breeding programs without the associated genetic drag from otherwise poor-quality genomes of donor varieties. However, implementation of marker-assisted selection techniques remains a challenge in many breeding programs worldwide. Many factors contribute to this lack of adoption, such as uncertainty in how to integrate MAS with traditional breeding processes, lack of confidence in MAS as a tool, and the expense of the process. However, developments in genomics tools, locus validation techniques, and new models for how to utilise QTLs in breeding programs stand to address these issues. Marker-assisted forward breeding needs to be enabled through the identification of robust QTLs, the design of reliable marker systems to select for these QTLs, and the delivery of these QTLs into elite genomic backgrounds to enable their use without associated genetic drag. To enhance the adoption and effectiveness of MAS, rice is used as an example of how to integrate new developments and processes into a coherent, efficient strategy for utilising genetic variation. When processes are instituted to address these issues, new genes can be rolled out into a breeding program rapidly and completely with a minimum of expense.
The total energy, magnetic moment, density of states and energy band structures of
CrO
2
in the high pressure cubic
CaF
2
(Fm-3m)-type structure are investigated for the first time by using first ...principles electronic structure calculations based on density functional theory in the local spin density approximation (LSDA) as well as using LSDA + U method. It is revealed from the present study that
CrO
2
is a ferromagnetic nearly half-metal in the LDA calculation due to almost occupied
Cr-3de
g
orbitals in the spin majority species and a tiny electron contribution at the Fermi level (
E
F
) for spin minority species. This compound encounters metal–insulator transition (MIT) upon the application of Hubbard-type Coulomb repulsion
U
=
1
eV
. Ferromagnetism is preserved in this transition. Application of
U
increases the electron correlation, which polarizes
e
g
orbitals far below
E
F
for spin majority channel while in the spin minority channel
e
g
orbitals are polarized well above
E
F
, resulting in opening of a band gap (
E
g
∼
1.05
eV
) in the vicinity of
E
F
. Coulomb repulsion increases hybridization between occupied
Cr-3de
g
and O-2p orbitals, which induces ferromagnetism both in half-metallic and insulating phases of cubic
CrO
2
.
A two-dimensional problem of generalized thermoelasticity is formulated using state space approach. In this formulation, the governing equations are transformed into a matrix differential equation ...whose solution enables to write the solution of two-dimensional problem in terms of the boundary conditions. The resulting formulation is applied to an isotropic half-space problem within three-phase-lag model of thermoelasticity. The bounding surface is traction free and subjected to a time dependent thermal shock. The solution for temperature distribution, displacements and stress components are obtained and presented graphically as well as a comparison with other thermoelastic models is made.
The invasive fungal infections (IFIs) are a major cause of mortality due to infectious disease worldwide. Majority of the IFIs are caused by opportunistic fungi including
,
and
species. Lack of ...approved antifungal vaccines and the emergence of antifungal drug-resistant strains pose major constraints in controlling IFIs. A comprehensive understanding of the host immune response is required to develop novel fungal vaccines to prevent death from IFIs. In this review, we have discussed the challenges associated with the development of antifungal vaccines. We mentioned how host-pathogen interactions shape immunological memory and development of long-term protective immunity to IFIs. Furthermore, we underscored the contribution of long-lived innate and adaptive memory cells in protection against IFIs and summarized the current vaccine strategies.
ChatGPT, a language model developed by OpenAI, has the potential to play a role in public health. With its ability to generate human-like text based on large amounts of data, ChatGPT has the ...potential to support individuals and communities in making informed decisions about their health (Panch et al. Lancet Digit Health 1:e13–e14, 2019; Baclic et al. Canada Commun Dis Rep 46.6:161, 2020). However, as with any technology, there are limitations and challenges to consider when using ChatGPT in public health. In this overview, we will examine the potential uses of ChatGPT in public health, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of its use.
Recently studies on synthesis and fluorescence based sensing in biocompatible carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have become a widely spoken topic of research due to the several advantageous properties of ...CQDs in compared to semiconductor quantum dots. In this work, we have reported the rarely reported solvatochromism along-with a high photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield (PLQY) of 22%. Samples have been synthesized by using a simple process of hydrothermal carbonization of a naturally occurring bio-waste i.e. Aegle marmelos leaves powder. The linear absorption and PL emission characteristics of CQDs have been studied in different solvent environments to explore the origin of the observed excitation dependent PL emissions characteristics of the sample. The interesting solvatochromic PL (SPL) behavior of CQDs are observed at an excitation wavelength of 325nm by dispersing them in different polar protic and aprotic solvents, which suggest their possible applications as a replacement of solvatochromic dye molecules for sensing applications. Different polarity functions and molecular-microscopic solvent polarity parameter (ETN) are used to calculate the change in dipole moment (Δδ) of the solute-solvent system and the origin of SPL in CQDs has been explained. The SPL behavior of CQDs has been utilized for fluorescence sensing of organic liquids (Ethanol and Tetrahydrofuran) in water. Whereas, the photo-induced electron transfer mediated quenching in PL of aqueous dispersion of CQDs has led to development of “turn off” fluorescence Fe3+ ion sensor with a detection limit of 0.12μM. Therefore, this work may open a new avenue of conversion of a bio-waste into a fluorescent bio-asset.
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•Solvatochromic PL (SPL) emission in fluorescent CQDs synthesized from bio-waste, namely Aegle marmelos leaves powder.•Development of flexible luminescence system for intensity modulated bluelight emission in solvents of diverse polarities.•The SPL emissive property of CQDs has been used for sensing of organicliquids (ethanol and tetrahydrofuran) in water.•Development of fluorescent Fe3+ ion sensor with a detectionlimit of 0.12µM via PET mediated PL quenching in CQDs.
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