The analysis of the photo-induced polymerization of bulk materials is a very important aspect of scientific and industrial research and applications. Thereby, the interactions between the initiator, ...the monomer and the light source have to be considered, which have been hardly/not investigated. For example, novel UV-light sources based on LED technology are in the process of development. Hence, the need for such kinetic analyses increases to investigate the multiple energy and intensity dependent influencing factors, like the quantum yield of the primary radical formation and the reactivity’s towards double bonds or inhibitors. Within this contribution a dose and wavelength dependent procedure is firstly described in detail, which allows the analysis of the kinetics of the photo-curing and the solidification of multifunctional liquid acrylic esters without a solvent. The photo-polymerizations induced by three different model resins, containing well-known commercial initiators, are monitored by an in situ Raman UV-vis system and analysed in detail. This novel procedure is based on an absolute and spectral calibrated fibre optical receiver, which is part of the Raman UV-vis setup. The multiple influences of the absorbed photons on e.g. the kinetic length of the chain reaction are presented and/or demonstrated. For example, higher yields can be achieved by less energetic and less intense irradiation.
Hot gas giant exoplanets can lose part of their atmosphere due to strong stellar irradiation, affecting their physical and chemical evolution. Studies of atmospheric escape from exoplanets have ...mostly relied on space-based observations of the hydrogen Lyman-α line in the far ultraviolet which is strongly affected by interstellar absorption. Using ground-based high-resolution spectroscopy we detect excess absorption in the helium triplet at 1083 nm during the transit of the Saturn-mass exoplanet WASP-69b, at a signal-to-noise ratio of 18. We measure line blue shifts of several km s
and post transit absorption, which we interpret as the escape of part of the atmosphere trailing behind the planet in comet-like form.
Objective
Empirically informed suicide risk assessment frameworks are useful in guiding the evaluation and treatment of individuals presenting with suicidal symptoms. Joiner et al. (1999) formulated ...one such framework, which has provided a concise heuristic for the assessment of suicide risk. The purpose of this review is to ensure compatibility of this suicide risk assessment framework with the growing literature on suicide‐related behaviors.
Methods
This review integrates recent literature on suicide risk factors and clinical applications into the existing model. Further, we present a review of risk factors not previously included in the Joiner et al. (1999) framework, such as the interpersonal theory of suicide variables of perceived burdensomeness, thwarted belongingness, and capability for suicide (Joiner, 2005; Van Orden et al., 2010) and acute symptoms of suicidality (i.e., agitation, irritability, weight loss, sleep disturbances, severe affective states, and social withdrawal).
Results
These additional indicators of suicide risk further facilitate the classification of patients into standardized categories of suicide risk severity and the critical clinical decision making needed for the management of such risk.
Conclusions
To increase the accessibility of empirically informed risk assessment protocols for suicide prevention and treatment, an updated suicide risk assessment form and decision tree are provided.
Wnt reception at the membrane is complex and not fully understood. CD44 is a major Wnt target gene in the intestine and is essential for Wnt-induced tumor progression in colorectal cancer. Here we ...show that CD44 acts as a positive regulator of the Wnt receptor complex. Downregulation of CD44 expression decreases, whereas CD44 overexpression increases Wnt activity in a concentration-dependent manner. Epistasis experiments place CD44 function at the level of the Wnt receptor LRP6. Mechanistically, CD44 physically associates with LRP6 upon Wnt treatment and modulates LRP6 membrane localization. Moreover, CD44 regulates Wnt signaling in the developing brain of Xenopus laevis embryos as shown by a decreased expression of Wnt targets tcf-4 and en-2 in CD44 morphants.
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells directed against the B-cell marker CD19 are currently changing the landscape for treatment of patients with refractory and/or relapsed B-cell malignancies. Due ...to the nature of CAR T cells as living drugs, they display a unique toxicity profile. As CAR T-cell therapy is extending towards other diseases and being more broadly employed in hematology and oncology, optimal management strategies of side-effects associated with CAR T-cell therapy are of high relevance. Cytokine release syndrome (CRS), immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS), and cytopenias constitute challenges in the treatment of patients with CAR T cells. This review summarizes the current understanding of CAR T-cell toxicity and its management.
•CAR T cells are associated with unique side-effects.•Cytokine release syndrome (CRS), immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS) and cytopenias are common.•Understanding the presentation, pathophysiology, grading and management of side-effects is crucial for CAR T-cell safety.
We present three transit observations of HD 189733 b obtained with the high-resolution spectrograph CARMENES at Calar Alto. A strong absorption signal is detected in the near-infrared He I triplet at ...10830 Å in all three transits. During mid-transit, the mean absorption level is 0.88 ± 0.04% measured in a ±10 km s−1 range at a net blueshift of − 3.5 ± 0.4 km s−1 (10829.84–10830.57 Å). The absorption signal exhibits radial velocities of + 6.5 ± 3.1 km s−1 and − 12.6 ± 1.0 km s−1 during ingress and egress, respectively; all radial velocities are measured in the planetary rest frame. We show that stellar activity related pseudo-signals interfere with the planetary atmospheric absorption signal. They could contribute as much as 80% of the observed signal and might also affect the observed radial velocity signature, but pseudo-signals are very unlikely to explain the entire signal. The observed line ratio between the two unresolved and the third line of the He I triplet is 2.8 ± 0.2, which strongly deviates from the value expected for an optically thin atmospheres. When interpreted in terms of absorption in the planetary atmosphere, this favors a compact helium atmosphere with an extent of only 0.2 planetary radii and a substantial column density on the order of 4 × 1012 cm−2. The observed radial velocities can be understood either in terms of atmospheric circulation with equatorial superrotation or as a sign of an asymmetric atmospheric component of evaporating material. We detect no clear signature of ongoing evaporation, like pre- or post-transit absorption, which could indicate material beyond the planetary Roche lobe, or radial velocities in excess of the escape velocity. These findings do not contradict planetary evaporation, but only show that the detected helium absorption in HD 189733 b does not trace the atmospheric layers that show pronounced escape signatures.
We present new X-ray observations obtained with Chandra ACIS-S of the HD 189733 system, consisting of a K-type star orbited by a transiting Hot Jupiter and an M-type stellar companion. We report a ...detection of the planetary transit in soft X-rays with a significantly deeper transit depth than observed in the optical. The X-ray data favor a transit depth of 6%-8%, versus a broadband optical transit depth of 2.41%. While we are able to exclude several possible stellar origins for this deep transit, additional observations will be necessary to fully exclude the possibility that coronal inhomogeneities influence the result. From the available data, we interpret the deep X-ray transit to be caused by a thin outer planetary atmosphere which is transparent at optical wavelengths, but dense enough to be opaque to X-rays. The X-ray radius appears to be larger than the radius observed at far-UV wavelengths, most likely due to high temperatures in the outer atmosphere at which hydrogen is mostly ionized. We furthermore detect the stellar companion HD 189733B in X-rays for the first time with an X-ray luminosity of log L sub(X) = 26.67 erg s super(-1). We show that the magnetic activity level of the companion is at odds with the activity level observed for the planet-hosting primary. The discrepancy may be caused by tidal interaction between the Hot Jupiter and its host star.
Summary
Background
Palmoplantar pustulosis (PPP) is a chronic relapsing skin condition characterized by sterile pustules on the palm and soles. Population‐based estimates of PPP incidence and ...prevalence are limited.
Objectives
To estimate the prevalence and incidence of PPP in the Swedish general population and to estimate the prevalence of psoriasis vulgaris among the population with PPP.
Methods
The Swedish National Patient Register was used, covering all inpatient and outpatient nonprimary care for the Swedish population. We identified cases (2004–2015) with one International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision diagnostic code (base case) for PPP. The point prevalence estimates at the end of this period (31 December 2015) were obtained by linkage to the Swedish Total Population Register. In sensitivity analyses, we used alternative case definitions: (i) requiring two visits and (ii) requiring two visits, one of which was within dermatology or internal medicine.
Results
The base case prevalence of PPP was estimated to be 147 per 100 000 (women 227, men 68) and the annual prevalence was estimated to 26 per 100 000 in 2015. Among the population of people with PPP, 17% were registered with a diagnostic code for psoriasis vulgaris. The incidence of PPP in 2015 was estimated to be 12·7 per 100 000 (women 18·7, men 6·6). The criteria used had an impact on the prevalence and incidence estimates: strict case 1 gave an overall prevalence of 72 per 100 000 and an incidence of 5·4 per 100 000.
Conclusions
The results indicate that the population‐based prevalence of PPP may be larger than previously estimated. However, the estimates were sensitive to the employed PPP case criteria. The findings enhance demands for studies using validated diagnostic algorithms potentially also including data from primary care.
What is already known about this topic?
There are few published estimates of the prevalence and incidence of palmoplantar pustulosis (PPP).
The previous studies are mainly based on short observation periods and often lack coverage of the general population.
Previous studies, with use of different case definitions and prevalence measures, show large variations (range from 50 to 120 per 100 000) in the prevalence estimates of PPP.
What does this study add?
We found a population‐based point prevalence on 31 December 2015 of 147 per 100 000, an annual prevalence of 26 per 100 000, and an incidence estimate of 12·7 cases of PPP per 100 000 in 2015.
The population of people with PPP may be larger than previously estimated.
Our estimates were sensitive to the case definition of PPP, highlighting the need for validated diagnostic algorithms.
Comparisons of incidence and prevalence across studies must be done with caution due to differences in methodology.
Linked Comment: C. Droitcourt. Br J Dermatol 2021; 185:879–880.
Plain language summary available online
Giant gas planets in close proximity to their host stars experience strong irradiation. In extreme cases photoevaporation causes a transonic, planetary wind and the persistent mass loss can possibly ...affect the planetary evolution. We have identified nine hot Jupiter systems in the vicinity of the Sun, in which expanded planetary atmospheres should be detectable through Lyα transit spectroscopy according to predictions. We use X-ray observations with Chandra and XMM-Newton of seven of these targets to derive the high-energy irradiation level of the planetary atmospheres and the resulting mass loss rates. We further derive improved Lyα luminosity estimates for the host stars including interstellar absorption. According to our estimates WASP-80 b, WASP-77 b, and WASP-43 b experience the strongest mass loss rates, exceeding the mass loss rate of HD 209458 b, where an expanded atmosphere has been confirmed. Furthermore, seven out of nine targets might be amenable to Lyα transit spectroscopy. Finally, we check the possibility of angular momentum transfer from the hot Jupiters to the host stars in the three binary systems among our sample, but find only weak indications for increased stellar rotation periods of WASP-77 and HAT-P-20.
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