This paper investigates the typological correlation between negation marking and focus marking based on the ‘Bantu Morphosyntactic Variation Database’ (Marten et al. 2018) compiling linguistic data ...obtained through 142 parameters to capture morphosyntactic microvariation in Bantu languages. Based on the inter-parametric analysis on the correlation between four parameters related to main clause negation marking and one parameter related to morphological focus marking, two typologically significant correlation are established: 1) languages with a postverbal strategy for main clause negation highly tend to have a morphological focus marker, and 2) languages lacking a morphological means of focus marking tend to adopt the preinitial strategy for main clause negation. These two tendencies can be explained from three perspectives, namely, 1) focus as inherent nature of (pragmatic) negation and the incompatibility of preinitial negation with an additional morphological focus marker, 2) the grammaticalisation path from a locative as a focus marking element to postverbal negation particle, and 3) ‘focus contrast’ as a structural requirement in the postverbal negative particle constructions.
When railway vehicles run on sharp curves, the coefficient of friction (COF) between the outer rail and the leading-outside wheel flange of a bogie is an important value related to problems such as ...wheel/rail severe wear, squeak noise arising from wheel/rail contact, and running safety against flange-climb derailment. In general, it is difficult to grasp the actual state of COF, which changes from moment to moment during commercial operations. From the viewpoint of running safety and maintenance, it is desirable to detect curved tracks with relatively high COF from the entire service line. The monitoring bogie, which can measure wheel/rail contact forces during commercial operations, has realized a long-term observation of wheel/rail contact forces. For further applications of the monitoring bogie, the simulation-based estimation method of COF at the wheel flange have been proposed in the author’s previous paper. Furthermore, an investigation based on roller-rig tests have been conducted. However, the probability of the flange wear progress cannot be determined only by COF at the wheel flange, and other factors should be involved. The wear number is used to assess rolling contact fatigue and wheel/rail wear progress. In the present paper, on the basis of a multi-body dynamics simulation model of the roller-rig equipment, the difference of the wear number among four lubrication conditions on the bogie is clarified. The estimation method of COF is extended to estimate the wear number simultaneously. The extended method is applied to the roller-rig test and the wear number is estimated. The estimated wear number shows qualitative agreement with the amount of wear debris, which is observed in the roller-rig test conducted in previous research.
It is important to secure running safety of railway vehicles against wheel-climb derailment accidents. The safety is often discussed according to the value of derailment coefficients for the leading ...outside wheel of a railway bogie running on sharp curves. Therefore, the detailed force induced mechanism which influences the value of derailment coefficients should be clarified. One of the most dominant factors affecting the value of derailment coefficients is magnitudes of the coefficient of friction (COF) between wheel and rail. Since the gauge corner of the outer rail and the top of the inner rail are lubricated at some sharp curves, COF of wheels of a bogie are different from each other and show complicated variation. In this study, the effect of lubrication for the running safety of the railway bogie is investigated while considering the detailed force induced mechanism of the derailment coefficient increase utilizing both multibody dynamics simulations and experiments. Experiments and simulations are conducted with a roller-rig test equipment under various conditions of wheel/rail lubrication. In this research, a method to identify whether the bogie is in suitably lubricated condition in terms of running safety is discussed. The proposed method making use of the longitudinal force measurement with mono-link type axle supporting device is mentioned.
The derailment coefficient is calculated from wheel-rail contact forces and it indicates the running safety of the railway vehicle especially in sharp curves. The derailment coefficient is affected ...by many factors such as the track irregularities, the vehicle parameters and the friction characteristics between wheel and rail. Therefore, monitoring of the derailment coefficient is desired to evaluate the running safety of the vehicle. Recently, a new monitoring bogie which can collect time series data of the derailment coefficient during commercial operation has been developed, and a large scale data is collected. However, there was no way to use such a data efficiently because an efficient method and an analysis tool have not been developed. In this research, a new analysis tool which can easily handle a large scale data and assist analysis of the derailment coefficient has been designed using MATLAB. In addition to measuring the derailment coefficient, the wheel load reduction and the track irregularity of twist are also measured. The tool can extract points where the derailment coefficient increases from a large scale data, and quickly show detailed information. On the basis of the information displayed on the user-interface, the data analyst can identify factors that increase the derailment coefficient. Not only analysis focused on a particular curve, but also the tool has the function for comparison of some curves. Analysis of the time change of the derailment coefficient is also possible. This paper shows the basic design of the analysis tool and gives some examples of analysis using this tool.
This paper deals with structural variation in Sheng at the syntactic level by focusing on its relative constructions. Although numeral linguistic studies of Sheng have been published since the ...beginning of this century (Githiora 2002, Mbaabu & Nzuka 2003, Ferrari 2004, Ogechi 2005, Bosire 2006, 2008, Shinagawa 2006, 2007, Beck 2015, among others), their grammatical descriptions tend to be rather limited to the domain of morphology and the syntactic uniqueness of Sheng has scarcely been brought within the scope of precise linguistic analysis. This paper thus aims to describe the syntactic variation, or structural fluidity, found in relative constructions in Sheng and clarify the syntactic distribution of multiple relativizers. Based on these facts and analyses, the developmental process of the -enye construction, which is widely used in other Swahili contact varieties as well, will be further investigated especially from the perspectives of intra-Bantu language contact and cross- Bantu typology.
When railway vehicles run on sharp curves, the coefficient of friction (COF) between the outer rail and the leading-outside wheel flange of a bogie is an important value related to problems such as ...wheel/rail severe wear, squeak noise arising from wheel/rail contact, and running safety against flange-climb derailment. In general, it is difficult to grasp the actual state of COF, which changes from moment to moment during commercial operations. From the viewpoint of running safety and maintenance, it is desirable to detect curved tracks with relatively high COF from the entire service line. The monitoring bogie, which can measure wheel/rail contact forces during commercial operations, has realized a long-term observation of wheel/rail contact forces. For further applications of the monitoring bogie, the simulation-based estimation method of COF at the wheel flange have been proposed in the author’s previous paper. Furthermore, an investigation based on roller-rig tests have been conducted. However, the probability of the flange wear progress cannot be determined only by COF at the wheel flange, and other factors should be involved. The wear number is used to assess rolling contact fatigue and wheel/rail wear progress. In the present paper, on the basis of a multi-body dynamics simulation model of the roller-rig equipment, the difference of the wear number among four lubrication conditions on the bogie is clarified. The estimation method of COF is extended to estimate the wear number simultaneously. The extended method is applied to the roller-rig test and the wear number is estimated. The estimated wear number shows qualitative agreement with the amount of wear debris, which is observed in the roller-rig test conducted in previous research.
This overview paper aims to present general approaches to variation in Swahili, both from a structural/typological and from a sociolinguistic angle. Recently, building upon earlier dialectological ...studies of Swahili, varieties in the periphery have been the focus of scholarly attention, as well as urban dialects from East Africa and Swahili in the diaspora. This introductory paper intends to summarize some of the approaches and directions that address the geographical and sociolinguistic diversity of Swahili, studied from different angles. These include both traditional approaches (descriptive sketches, dialectological and dialectometrical analyses, lexicostatistics etc.) and more recent directions in Bantu studies, such as micro-parametric analysis in the field of microvariation. Moreover, current (socio)linguistic trends are discussed, which mostly deal with language contact, diversity and change in touristic settings, in relation to new media, and in regard to youth language practices, or with new approaches to urban fluidity such as metrolingualism and translanguaging. In this contribution, we aim to give an overview of current trends in the study of Swahili by analyzing processes of linguistic and scholarly diversification and variation in the Swahili-speaking world.
本研究は，「バントゥ諸語形態統語バリエーションデータベース（BMV）」（Marten et al. 2018）にまとめられた計量的データをもとに，バントゥ諸語における否定表示と焦点表示との間に見られる言語構造上の類型論的な相関関係を明らかにすることを目的としている。BMVは，バントゥ諸語内部の形態統語論レベルの類型的多様性を把握するための142 のパラメータ（Guerois et ...al.2017）に基づいて構築されているが，そのうちの否定表示に関する4 つのパラメータと，形態論的焦点表示形式（MFM）の有無に関するパラメータの値の連動関係の分析からバントゥ諸語における否定表示と焦点表示との間に見られる言語構造上の類型論的な相関関係を明らかにすることを目的としている。BMVにおける主節動詞の否定に関する4つのパラメータと，形態論的焦点表示形式（MFM）の有無に関するパラメータの値の連動関係の分析から，i）動詞後否定表示を行う言語は高い確率でMFMを有し，またii）明示的なMFMを有さない言語は動詞否定接頭辞表示を用いる顕著な傾向がある，という2点が有意な傾向として導出された。これに対し，否定の内在特性としての焦点性，動詞後否定詞の文法化過程，そして動詞外否定構文における焦点対照性という3点からミクロ類型論的な解釈を試みた。
This paper discusses typological tendencies of focus marking strategies from a cross-Bantu perspective based on the Bantu Morphosyntactic Variation (BMV) database, a large-scale database of ...morphosyntactic variation of Bantu languages built around 142 parameters covering an entire range of the major morphosyntactic components. Our main concern in this study is the inter-parametric correlation of three major focus marking strategies — the use of a morphological focus marker (MFM), conjoint/disjoint (CJ/DJ) alternation, and verb doubling — in relation to logically independent parameters pertaining to negation, syntactic object symmetry, and inversion constructions. One of the clear tendencies observed in the database is that languages employing verb-external marking rather than verb-internal morphology tend to have an MFM, whereas languages with CJ/DJ alternation tend to adopt verbal morphology for main clause negation. Another typological correlation shows that patient inversion strongly tends to be restricted in languages with marked focus marking strategies such as MFM and CJ/DJ. Based on such inter-parametric correlation observed in BMV, we discuss a developmental process of different negation strategies in relation to the types of focus marking strategies. We also propose possible generalisations about the interrelation between focus marking strategies and the syntactic object symmetry on the one hand, and the different inversion constructions on the other.
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