The present study is focused on the availability of microbial sources capable of producing xylanase, a hemicelluloses-degrading enzyme with multiple modes of action along with specificity, and their ...real-world applications. For the accumulation of suitable data, article surfing was carried out using multiple search engines viz. Hinari and PubMed; irrelevant and duplicate articles were discarded and articles were summarized in a narrative way herein. This review article was written aiming to bridge the recent research activities with the commercial activities of xylanase going on around the globe. The readers would be able to acknowledge themselves with the basic idea of the hydrolytic enzyme xylanase, their classification representing their different families, presenting the affinity of different families at the structural level, the sources, and the commercial implications that have been going on alone and in combination. The major hemicellulose, Xylan is digested with the help of combination other enzymes such as alpha-amylase, subtilisin, protease, and endo-1,3(4)-β-glucanase along with xylanase. Xylanase has a diverse applications such as pharmaceutical, food and feed, bakery, paper and pulp, textile, and bio-refinery industries. The objective of this review article is to compile microbial sources of this enzyme and its application for betterment of human kind.
This paper presents a novel spectrophotometric method to measure peroxidase activity using paraphenylenediamine dihydrochloride (PPDD) and 3-dimethylaminobenzoic acid (DMAB). The PPDD traps free ...radicals and becomes oxidized to electrophillic 1,4-diimine, which couples with DMAB to give an intense green-colored chromogenic species with maximum absorbance at 710 nm. This assay was adopted for the quantification of hydrogen peroxide between 5 and 45 μM. From the kinetic data, a two-substrate ping-pong mechanism of peroxidase was established. The catalytic efficiency and catalytic constant (k cat) of the proposed assay were 0.54 × 106 M−1 min−1 and 0.0436 × 103 min−1, respectively. As a simple, rapid, precise, and sensitive technique, PPDD−DMAB stands as a potential replacement for the traditional guaiacol method. Application of this method in plant extracts opens its relevance in the field of biochemical analysis.
This paper presents a novel spectrophotometric method to measure peroxidase activity using paraphenylenediamine dihydrochloride (PPDD) and Mequinol (MQ). The PPDD traps the free radical, and gets ...oxidized to electrophilic 1,4-diimine; this couples with MQ to an give intense violet-colored chromogenic species with the maximum absorbance at 560 nm. This assay was adopted for the quantification of hydrogen peroxide between 10 × 10−6 to 80 × 10−6 M. From the kinetic data, a two-substrate ping-pong mechanism of peroxidase was established. Catalytic efficiency and catalytic power of commercial peroxidase were 0.204 × 106 M−1 min−1 and 2.86 × 10−4 min−1, respectively. The catalytic constant (kcat) of the proposed method was 0.2080 × 103 min−1. As a simple, rapid, precise and sensitive technique, PPDD-MQ stands as a potential replacement for the traditional guaiacol method. Applications to the plant extracts increase its relevance in the field of biochemical analysis.
A spectrophotometric method has been proposed for the determination of four phenolic drugs; salbutamol, ritodrine, amoxicillin and isoxsuprine. The method is based on the oxidation of 2, 4‐ ...dinitrophenyl‐hydrazine and coupling of the oxidized product with drugs to give intensely colored chromogen. Under the proposed optimum condition, beer’s law was obeyed in the concentration range of 2.5‐17, 2‐29, 4‐33 and 5‐30 μg/mL for salbutamol, ritodrine, amoxicillin and isoxsuprine respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.2, 0.83, 0.09, 0.84 μg/mL and 0.66, 2.79, 0.3 and 2.81 μg/mL in the same order. No interference was observed from common pharmaceutical adjuvants. The ringbom plots and low relative standard deviation assert the applicability of this method. The suggested method was further applied for the determinations of drugs in commercial pharmaceutical dosage forms, which was compared statistically with reference methods by means of t ‐ test and F ‐ test and were found not to differ significantly at 95% confidence level. The procedure is characterized by its simplicity with accuracy and precision.
A simple and sensitive spectrophotometric method for the determination of chromium has been developed. The method is based on the diazotization of Dapsone in hydroxylamine hydrochloride medium and ...coupling with N-(1-Napthyl) Ethylene Diamine Dihydrochloride by electrophilic substitution to produce an intense pink azo-dye, which has absorption maximum at 540 nm. The Beer’s law is obeyed from 0.02-1.0 μg mL
−1
and the molar absorptivity is 3.4854 L mol
−1
cm
−1
. The Limits of quantification and Limit of detection of the proposed method are 0.0012 μg mL
−1
and 0.0039 μg mL
−1
respectively. The method has been successfully applied for the determination of chromium in water samples and the results were statistically evaluated with that of the reference method.
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•Catalase defends against oxidative stress associated with pathologic conditions.•Measurement of its activity is fundamentally a new approach for antioxidant therapy.•Efficacy of the ...proposed method has been proved by evaluating analytical parameters.•The method is rapid, facile, sensitive and reproducible.
A novel method has been proposed to develop a simple, rapid, sensitive and affordable chromogenic attempt for the quantification of catalase (CAT) activity in blood samples. The method is based on the oxidation of pyrocatechol (PC) to give quinone form which by oxidative coupling with aminyl radical of 4-aminoantipyrine (4-AAP) resulting from H2O2/CAT to produce a pink colored quinone-imine product with λmax = 530 nm in a 100 mmol/L of tris buffer of pH 9.8 at room temperature (30 °C). The linearity of CAT assay was between 0.316 and 10 U/mL. The accuracy ranges for CAT having concentrations of 1.25, 5 and 7.5 μmol/L were 89–105.52, 90–107%, and 91–104.58% respectively. Within-run and between-run precision studies showed CV’s of 1.98–3.02% (n = 7) and 2.97–4.40% (n = 7), respectively. The detection and quantification limits of CAT were 0.12 and 0.225 μmol/L, respectively. The Michaelis-Menten constant and maximum velocity of the reaction was Km = 1.052 mM and Vmax = 0.168 μmol/min, respectively. The present method provides a convenient means for investigating the usefulness of CAT measurements in biological sample assessing the potential for free radical-induced pathology.
A highly sensitive spectrophotometric method for the analysis of catecholamine drugs; L-dopa and methyldopa, is described. The analysis is based on the reaction of drug molecules with vanadium (V) ...which is reduced to vanadium (IV) and form complex with eriochrome cyanine R to give products having maximum absorbance (lmax) at 565 nm. Beer's law is obeyed in the range 0.028-0.84 and 0.099-0.996 mg mL-1 for L-dopa and methyldopa, respectively. The statistical analysis as well as comparison with reported methods demonstrated high precision and accuracy of the proposed method. The method was successfully applied in the analysis of pharmaceutical preparations.
A sensitive method has been proposed for the quantification of amino acids and proteins using ninhydrin and sodium molybdate as chromogenic substrates in citrate buffer of pH5.6. A weak ...molybdate-hydrindantin complex plays the role in the formation of Ruhemann's purple. The linear response for the amino acid, amino acid mixture and Bovine serum albumin is between 0.999 and 66.80μM, 1.52 and 38μM and 5 and 100μg/L, respectively. The molar absorptivity of the individual amino acid by the proposed reaction extends from 0.58×104 to 2.86×104M−1cm−1. The linearity equations for the proposed ninhydrin-molybdate for amino acid mixture is Abs=0.021×Conc (μM)−0.002. The applicability of the proposed method has been justified in food and biological samples in conjunction with Kjeldahl method.
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•Sodium molybdate as an alternative to cadmium chloride/stannous chloride increase the sensitivity.•The formation of weak π-complex of molybdate ion with hydrindantin enhances the homogeneity of the reaction.•The sodium molybdate-ninhydrin analytical probe has a minimum interference by glucose.
Two spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the determination of nitrite using dapsone (DAP) with α-naphthol and 4-amino-5-hydroxynapthalene-2,7-disulphonic acid monosodium salt (AHNDMS) ...as chromogenic reagents with maximum absorbance wavelength at 540 and 520 nm respectively. For the method that utilizes dapsone with α-naphthol (DAP-α-naphthol), the beer's law range is obeyed between 0.05-0.8 μg ml⁻¹ with molar absorptivity of 5.749 x 104 l mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹. The second method that uses dapsone with AHNDMS (DAP-AHNDMS), the beer's law is valid over the range 0.2-1.4 μg ml⁻¹ and molar absorptivity 2.44 x 104 l mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹. The common interfering ions in the analytical procedures have been studied. This proposed methods are reliable, reproducible and have been successfully applied to determine nitrite in various water sources of environmental interest.
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