As human–wildlife conflicts escalate worldwide, concepts such as tolerance and acceptance of wildlife are becoming increasingly important. Yet, contemporary conservation studies indicate a limited ...understanding of positive human–wildlife interactions, leading to potentially inaccurate representations of human–animal encounters. Failure to address these limitations contributes to the design and implementation of poor wildlife and landscape management plans and the dismissal of Indigenous ecological knowledge. We examined Indigenous perspectives on human–wildlife coexistence in India by drawing ethnographic evidence from Kattunayakans, a forest‐dwelling Adivasi community living in the Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary in Kerala. Through qualitative field study that involved interviews and transect walks inside the forests, we found that Kattunayakans displayed tolerance and acceptance of wild animals characterized as forms of deep coexistence that involves three central ideas: wild animals as rational conversing beings; wild animals as gods, teachers, and equals; and wild animals as relatives with shared origins practicing dharmam. We argue that understanding these adequately will support efforts to bring Kattunayakan perspectives into the management of India's forests and contribute to the resolution of the human–wildlife conflict more broadly.
Conocimiento Originario sobre la Coexistencia entre Humanos y Fauna en el Sur de la India
ResumenConforme el conflicto humano‐fauna escala a nivel mundial, los conceptos como la tolerancia y aceptación de la fauna son cada vez más importantes. Aun así, los estudios actuales sobre conservación muestran un conocimiento limitado de las interacciones positivas entre los humanos y la fauna, lo que lleva a representaciones potencialmente erróneas de los encuentros entre estos dos grupos. Las fallas al abordar estas limitaciones contribuyen al diseño e implementación de planes deficientes de manejo de fauna y paisajes y la desestimación del saber ecológico de los pueblos originarios. Analizamos las perspectivas de los pueblos originarios sobre la coexistencia entre las personas y la fauna en la India mediante la toma de evidencia etnográfica de los Kattunayakans, una comunidad Adivasi residente del bosque en el Santuario de Fauna Wayanad en Kerala. Realizamos un estudio cualitativo de campo con entrevistas y caminatas por transectos dentro del bosque. Con el estudio descubrimos que los Kattunayakans demostraron una tolerancia y aceptación por los animales silvestres caracterizada como maneras de coexistencia profunda que involucra tres ideas centrales: los animales silvestres son seres hablantes racionales; los animales como divinidades, maestros e iguales; y los animales silvestres como familiares practicantes del dharmam con orígenes compartidos. Argumentamos que el entendimiento de estas ideas centrales respaldará los esfuerzos por incorporar las perspectivas de los Kattunayakan a la gestión forestal de la India y contribuirá a grandes rasgos a la solución del conflicto humano‐fauna.
Article Impact Statement: All human–wildlife interactions are not necessarily conflicted, and policies need to go beyond conflict narratives.
【摘要】
随着世界范围内人类与野生动物的冲突不断升级, 对野生动物的宽容和接纳等概念变得越来越重要。然而, 当代保护研究表明, 人们对人类与野生动物积极互作的认识有限, 导致可能难以准确描述人类与动物的相遇。如果不解决这些局限性, 就会导致野生动物和景观管理计划的设计和实施存在不足, 以及对本土生态知识的否定。我们利用印度喀拉拉邦瓦亚纳德野生动物保护区森林中的阿迪瓦西族Kattunayakans部落的民族志证据, 来研究印度原住民对于人类与野生动物共存的观点。通过定性的实地研究(包括访谈和在森林样带调查), 我们发现Kattunayakans部落表现出对野生动物的宽容和接纳, 其特点是深入的共存, 包括三个中心思想:野生动物是有理性的交流者;野生动物是神、老师和平等的族群;野生动物是实行 “dharmam”的具有共同起源的亲戚。我们认为, 充分理解以上几点有助于将Kattunayakan部落的观点引入印度的森林管理, 并更广泛地解决人类与野生动物的冲突。
•Maps of protected areas poorly capture the Indigenous human histories of the landscapes in India.•Poor spatial representation of Indigenous relationships with land often preserves colonial legacy of ...land management.•Forest dwelling Adivasi (Indigenous) communities in India, protected area forests are beyond trees, and wild animals.•Forested protected area is an entity with agency that hold spaces where Gods, kin, and deceased ancestors reside.•Adivasi portrayals of kadu (forest) when rightly engaged can promote an equitable and just management of forest areas.
Globally, Indigenous Peoples are the stewards of a large portion of the global land base, and their interactions and associations with the land have shaped and sustained it for centuries. Yet conservation studies and land management practices still struggle to understand or use Indigenous interpretations of the natural world. In many cases, this perpetuates a colonial sensibility across land use policies, which also dangerously misrepresents Indigenous relationships with that land. This paper focuses on Kattunayakans, a hunter-forager Adivasi (Indigenous) community living within the Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary in Kerala, India. Our focus is how they characterize kadu (‘forest’ in Kattunayakan language), both what it is constituted of and what it means from an Adivasi point of view. Using open-ended interviews, transect walks, and spatial mapping we find that for Kattunayakans, the forest is seen as an entity with agency; and a body of discrete biocultural landscape units classified as: a convergence of good places and God people; and a realm of spaces populated by kinfolk with fluid human-and-nonhuman identities that do not follow any physical boundaries of protected areas. This understanding of what a protected area forest is and is comprised of is neither adequately represented and discussed in the history of India's protected areas nor addressed in forest and wildlife management policies and approaches. This is highly consequential for Adivasi communities such as Kattunayakans, who do not have written or material evidence of their productive and historical relationship to forest land. We argue, as well, that when engaged appropriately, Adivasi portrayals of the kadu can bolster equity in land management and strengthen collaborative governance that more broadly advances human rights alongside the goals of biodiversity conservation.
Common adverse effects of valproate include sedation, tremor, gastrointestinal effects, and weight gain. Valproate-associated hyperammonemic encephalopathy (VHE) is an uncommon adverse effect of ...valproate therapy, which includes symptoms such as tremors, ataxia, seizures, confusion, sedation and coma. We report clinical features and management of 10 cases of VHE in a tertiary care center.
In a retrospective chart review of case records from January 2018 to June 2021, 10 patients with VHE were identified and included in this case series. The data collected include demographic information, psychiatric diagnosis, comorbidities, liver function tests, serum ammonia and serum valproate levels, dosages and duration of valproate, management of hyperammonemia including dosage variations, discontinuation, adjuvant drugs used, and whether rechallenge was done.
The most common indication of starting valproate was bipolar disorder (n = 5). All the patients had more than one physical comorbidity and risk factors for developing hyperammonemia. Seven patients received valproate at a dose higher than 20 mg/kg. The duration of valproate use varied from 1 week to 19 years before developing VHE. Dose reduction or discontinuation and lactulose were the most common management strategies used. All 10 patients improved. Among the 7 patients in whom valproate was discontinued, for 2 patients valproate was reinitiated in inpatient care with careful monitoring and was found to be well tolerated.
This case series highlights the need for a high index of suspicion for VHE as it is frequently associated with a delayed diagnosis and recovery in psychiatric settings. Screening for risk factors and serial monitoring may allow earlier diagnosis and management.
Lymphatic filariasis is a tropical disease that affects about 70 million people worldwide.1 It is caused by infection with the parasitic nematodes Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, or Brugia ...timori and is transmitted through mosquitoes. Chronic infection causes lymphatic dysfunction, resulting in progressive, irreversible swelling of the limbs and genitals (box 1). Filarial induced lymphoedema is the second leading cause of disability in the world, accounting for about 2 million disability adjusted life years lost.1 The associated social stigma often causes mental health problems and poverty because of loss of employment.1
The current generation of manufacturing industry requires an intelligent scheduling model to achieve an effective utilization of distributed manufacturing resources, which motivated us to work on an ...Artificial Immune Algorithm for subtask robot scheduling in cloud manufacturing. This scheduling model enables a collaborative work between the industrial robots in different manufacturing centers. This paper discussed two optimizing objectives which includes minimizing the cost and load balance of industrial robots through scheduling. To solve these scheduling problems, we used the algorithm based on Artificial Immune system. The parameters are simulated with MATLAB and the results compared with the existing algorithms. The result shows better performance than existing.
Objective
To review the literature on valproate‐associated hair abnormalities and the available treatment options.
Methods
We searched PubMed and Google Scholar with keywords including “valproate”, ...“valproic acid”, “hair”, “alopecia”, and “effluvium,” supplemented with hand search from cross‐references. We included all types of studies including case reports in this review.
Results
The pathophysiology of hair loss includes telogen effluvium, biotin, mineral deficiency, and possibly hyperandrogenism. Diagnosis is based on history of hair loss or abnormalities following valproate treatment, and is confirmed by use of simple clinical tests such as pull test and modified wash test. Treatment involves reassurance and advice on hair care, and if possible drug discontinuation or dose reduction. Medications such as biotin and other vitamins with minerals supplementation is effective for most individuals with hair loss. Other treatment options are agomelatine, topical valproate or minoxidil, though these lack evidence.
Conclusion
Hair abnormalities with valproate are common, benign adverse effects, and management includes general measures and specific treatment options.
We critically discuss the impact of sustainable development initiatives in Kerala, India, on biodiversity and on women farmers in the matrilineal Adivasi community of the Kurichya-tribe in Wayanad. ...By contextualizing development programs regarding the specifically gendered access to land, division of labor, distribution of knowledge and decision-making power, we situate our analysis within the theoretical framework of feminist political ecology. We first outline women’s gaining of social and political space in local self-government institutions (Panchayath) and then critically discuss the impacts of women’s farming groups (Joint Liability Groups: JLGs). Decentralization and development programs have aimed at empowering women and reducing poverty through improved food security. However, little success has materialized, as patriarchal power structures concerning decision-making processes as well as control over the most valuable resources (land and rice) and traditional knowledge have been maintained. Whereas women’s self-help groups (Kudumbasree) in Kerala have enhanced their position, women’s farming groups (JLGs), by contrast, have brought little betterment. In some cases they have even downsized women’s management and knowledge of resources related to agriculture and do not integrate or enhance Kurichya women’s knowledge. As some women are now introducing high-yielding rice seeds and fertilizer and as it is impossible for them to control land and get access to traditional rice seeds—the domain of men—we contest the notion of women being considered the preservers of agrobiodiversity. We argue, rather, that the construction and transformation of ecological traditional knowledge is highly dependent on the gendered multi-scaled power structures of state and community.
Background: Clance and Imes coined the term “impostor phenomenon,” or IP, which causes a person to choose to elevate the achievements of others and belittle their own successes. This results in ...constant self-underappreciation and anxiety about a task. The field of medical science is a highly pressure-intensive and competitive field. In the medical field, where patients’ lives are involved daily, a condition like this which is going undiagnosed, will affect the duties provided by the medical practitioner in the long run. They will doubt every decision they make, which can seriously harm the patient. All these reasons show the necessity of discovering new and more advanced techniques to identify the disorder. As a result, this condition develops into more severe forms. It results in more serious psychiatric conditions that can be prevented if IP is identified correctly. Objective: To identify the prevalence of Imposter Phenomenon and to find its associations with depression, anxiety, and stress in medical students Methodology: It was a cross sectional study done among undergraduate students of a private medical college in Manipal. About 377 undergraduates participated in the study. Data was collected using the Clance IP scale and DASS-21 questionnaire after taking relevant permissions. The data was collected in an excel sheet from the responses derived from the Microsoft form. Data was analyzed using the open-source statistical software Jamovi 2.0. Results: It was observed that more than half of the students were female. More than two fifths of the students reported having frequent IP experiences, and about 15% of them reported intense IP experiences. Positive correlation was observed between IP and Stress, Anxiety and Depression. Conclusion: Impostor Phenomenon should be diagnosed and identified early in medical undergraduates to reduce mental health issues in the long run so they may be able to provide quality medical care.
The majority of malignant pleural effusions are caused by adenocarcinomas, with the most common primary sites being the lung and breast in men and women, respectively. Metastatic squamous cell ...carcinoma in serous effusions is rare, accounting for less than 3% of all malignant effusions. The most common primary site of origin for metastatic squamous cell carcinoma involving serous effusions is the lung, followed by the head and neck, oesophagus, and cervix. Well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma in pleural effusion, characterised by keratinised cells with hyperchromatic nuclei, tadpole cells, and fiber cells, is exceedingly rare. Poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinomas often present a diagnostic challenge and can be mistaken for poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma, malignant mesothelioma, or reactive mesothelial hyperplasia. Immunohistochemistry is often required for a definitive diagnosis. Making an accurate diagnosis is crucial for providing optimal treatment to the patient. In this series, four cases (56 years old male,69 years old male, 60 years old female and 81 years old male) of malignant pleural effusion caused by metastatic squamous cell carcinoma arising from the lung, oropharynx, cervix, and oesophagus were examined. While one of the cases involved a well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma with characteristic cellular morphology that allowed for a straightforward diagnosis, the other three cases were poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinomas that required cell block preparation and immunohistochemistry for confirmation.
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