Gallic acid (GA) is a bioactive phytoconstituent that has been reported to prevent a number of diseases. However, there is no systematic review to-date on its anti-diabetic and cardioprotective ...potential including molecular mechanisms for such activities. This review aims to summarize the anti-diabetic and cardioprotective effects of GA and further propose a molecular mechanism of its anti-diabetic effects. Accumulation of associated literature was conducted through the use of databases including Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct and Scopus databases. Articles published until December 2018 were extracted and all the retracted articles were sorted based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria and relevant articles were further consulted for necessary information. We have found substantial investigations in animals and cultured cells that supports anti-diabetic and cardioprotective effects of GA with several underlying mechanisms including antioxidant enzyme systems and non-enzymatic defense mechanisms. The reported antioxidant activity of GA as well as the modulation of some key proteins linked to diabetes could be a part of the mechanisms by which GA showed anti-diabetic effect. In summary, it is evident that GA is one of the promising dietary phytochemicals that could be beneficial for the treatment and management of diabetes and associated myocardial damage.
Abbreviation: AGEs: advanced glycation end products; Akt: protein kinase B; ALT: alanine transaminase; AMPKα: AMP-activated protein kinase-alpha; AMPKγ: AMP-activated protein kinase-gamma; ANP: atrial natriuretic peptide; AST: aspartate transaminase; b.w: body weight; CAT: catalase; CK: creatine kinase; CK-MB: creatine kinase-myoglobin binding; CPK: creatine phosphokinase; CRP: C-reactive protein; CsA: cyclosporine A; CVDs: cardiovascular diseases; Cx43: gap junction protein Connexin 43; CYP: cyclophosphamide; CTGF: connective tissue growth factor; DM: diabetes mellitus; D-MI: diabetes with myocardial infraction; DOX: doxorubicin; ECM: extracellular matrix; ERKs: extracellular signal-regulated kinases; GA: gallic acid; GSIS: glucose-stimulated insulin secretion; GLUT4: glucose transporter protein 4; GLUT2: glucose transporter protein 2; GR: glutathione reductase; GSH: reduced Glutathione reductase; GST: glutathione-S-transferase; GATA4: transcription factor GATA-4; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; H9c2(2-1): embryonic rat cardiomyocyte cell line; iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase; ISO: isoproterenol; JNKs: c-Jun N-terminal kinases; L-NAME: N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester; LDL-C: LDL-cholesterol; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; LOOH: lipid hydroperoxides; LPO: lipid peroxidation; LV: left ventricular; MDA: malondialdehyde; MHC-β: myosin heavy chain beta; MI: myocardial infraction; MMP: matrix metalloproteinase; Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase: sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase; Nox2: NADPH oxidase 2; PCO: protein carbonyls; PGC1α: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha; PI: plasma insulin; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PPARγ: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors- gamma; RAGE: receptor for AGE; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SC: serum creatinine; SOD: superoxide dismutase; GPx: glutathione peroxidase; SHRs: spontaneously hypertensive rats; STZ: Steptozotocin; TBARS: thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; TGF-β: transforming growth factor beta; TIMP: tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha; TnI: troponin-I; TZDs: thiazolidinediones; UA: uric acid; UCP2: uncoupling protein 2; XO: xanthine oxidase.
A precise determination of the energy scale of jets at the Collider Detector at Fermilab at the Tevatron
p
p
¯
collider is described. Jets are used in many analyses to estimate the energies of ...partons resulting from the underlying physics process. Several correction factors are developed to estimate the original parton energy from the observed jet energy in the calorimeter. The jet energy response is compared between data and Monte Carlo simulation for various physics processes, and systematic uncertainties on the jet energy scale are determined. For jets with transverse momenta above 50
GeV the jet energy scale is determined with a
3
%
systematic uncertainty.
We report the observation of B{sub s}{sup 0}-B{sub s}{sup 0} oscillations from a time-dependent measurement of the B{sub s}{sup 0}-B{sub s}{sup 0} oscillation frequency {delta}m{sub s}. Using a data ...sample of 1 fb{sup -1} of pp collisions at {radical}(s)=1.96 TeV collected with the CDF II detector at the Fermilab Tevatron, we find signals of 5600 fully reconstructed hadronic B{sub s} decays, 3100 partially reconstructed hadronic B{sub s} decays, and 61 500 partially reconstructed semileptonic B{sub s} decays. We measure the probability as a function of proper decay time that the B{sub s} decays with the same, or opposite, flavor as the flavor at production, and we find a signal for B{sub s}{sup 0}-B{sub s}{sup 0} oscillations. The probability that random fluctuations could produce a comparable signal is 8x10{sup -8}, which exceeds 5{sigma} significance. We measure {delta}m{sub s}=17.77{+-}0.10(stat){+-}0.07(syst) ps{sup -1} and extract vertical bar V{sub td}/V{sub ts} vertical bar =0.2060{+-}0.0007({delta}m{sub s}){sub -0.0060}{sup +0.0081}({delta}m{sub d}+theor)
The incidence and clinical and imaging criteria of different pathological forms of lacrimal fossa lesions in the Delta region of Egypt were studied.
A retrospective study of patients with lacrimal ...fossa lesions for the past 10 years was conducted. A total of 146 cases were identified. Their medical records were reviewed for clinical and imaging data (computed tomography scan, magnetic resonance imaging scan, or both). A definitive diagnosis based on pathological examination of biopsies was also reviewed.
Among the patients reviewed, 43.15% had inflammatory lacrimal gland lesions, 26.71% had lymphoproliferative lesions, and 21.92% had epithelial lesions; 8.22% had rare lesions (5.48% were dacryops and 2.74% had hemangioma). The study included 71.92% benign lesions and 28.08% malignant lesions, which were distributed between 19.18% malignant lymphoma and 8.9% malignant epithelial tumors. According to the pathological origin of the lesions, they may be classified into 78.08% nonepithelial lesions and 21.92% epithelial lesions (16.44% epithelial tumors, and 5.48% dermoid cysts).
Lacrimal fossa lesions show a wide pathological range. Inflammatory lesions are most frequent, followed by lymphoproliferative and epithelial lesions. Analysis of clinical and radiological criteria is helpful in the differential diagnosis of lacrimal gland lesions.
We describe a measurement of the top quark mass using events with two charged leptons collected by the CDF II detector from $p\bar{p}$ collisions with $\sqrt s = 1.96$ TeV at the Fermilab Tevatron. ...The likelihood in top mass is calculated for each event by convoluting the leading order matrix element describing $q\bar{q} \to t\bar{t} \to b\ell\nu_{\ell}\bar{b}\ell'\nu_{\ell'}$ with detector resolution functions. The presence of background events in the data sample is modeled using similar calculations involving the matrix elements for major background processes. In a data sample with integrated luminosity of 340 pb$^{-1}$, we observe 33 candidate events and measure $M_{top} = 165.2 \pm 6.1(\textrm{stat.}) \pm 3.4(\textrm{syst.}) \mathrm{~GeV}/c^2.$ This measurement represents the first application of this method to events with two charged leptons and is the most precise single measurement of the top quark mass in this channel.
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