The two group IIB complexes Cd(DMPT)Cl2 (6) and Zn(DMPT)Cl2 (7) of the tridentate ligand (DMPT), 2,4-bis(morpholin-4-yl)-6-(E)-2-1-(pyridin-2-yl) ethylidenehydrazin-1-yl-1,3,5-triazine were ...synthesized, and their structural aspects were elucidated with the aid of X-ray crystallography. Both complexes crystallized in the monoclinic crystal system, with P21/n as a space group. The unit cell parameters for 6 are a = 14.1563(9) Å, b = 9.4389(6) Å, c = 16.5381(11) Å and β = 91.589(5)° while the respective values for 7 are 11.3735(14), 13.8707(13), 14.9956(16), and 111.646(2)°. The unit cell volume is slightly less (2198.9(4) Å3) in complex 7 compared to complex 6 (2209.0(2) Å3). Both complexes have a penta-coordination environment around the metal ion, where the DMPT ligand acts as a neutral tridentate NNN-chelate via the pyridine, hydrazone, and one of the s-triazine N-atoms. The penta-coordination environment of the Cd(II) in complex 6 is close to a square pyramidal configuration with some distortion. On the other hand, the ZnN3Cl2 coordination environment is highly distorted and located intermediately between the trigonal bipyramidal and square pyramids. Supramolecular structure analysis of 6 with the aid of Hirshfeld calculations indicated the importance of the Cl…H, O…H, and C…H interactions. Their percentages were calculated to be 20.9, 9.1, and 8.7%, respectively. For 7, the Cl…H, O…H, C…H, and N…H contacts are the most important. Their percentages are 20.3, 9.0, 7.0, and 8.4%, respectively. In both complexes, the major intermolecular interaction is the hydrogen–hydrogen interactions which contributed 45.5 and 46.6%, respectively.
IntroductionVoluntary poisoning with neurotoxic products in order to achieve euphoria is common especially among young people. Neurological complications are quite likely and can be serious and ...irreversible.ObjectivesWe aim to describe the peripheral neuropathies secondary to N-Hexane intoxication in a Tunisian population.MethodsA retrospective descriptive study was carried out in our department of neurology in the NationalInstitute of Neurology of Tunis including patients diagnosed with N-Hexane neuropathy. All patientshad a history of a N-Hexane exposure. The diagnosis was confirmed after excluding other etiologiesthrough appropriate investigations. Clinical and para-clinical data as well as follow-up were assessed.ResultsWe selected 38 patients with a mean age of 22.7 years 14-36. Among them, 37 were glue-sniffer and 1 had a voluntary toxic exposure to paint. An associated cannabis consumption was found in 6 patients. All of them had a low socio-economic background and 17 were unemployed. Time to onset of neurological signs ranged from 5 months to 11 years. The clinical exam showed a quadriparesis (15,7%), a paraparesis (58%), sensory involvement (55,2%) amyotrophy (40%) and abolished tendon reflexes in lower limbs (81,5%). Swallowing disorder and optic neuritis were found in one case. The electroneuromyogram revealed an axono-demyelinating sensory-motor polyneuropathy (PN) in 16 cases and a demyelinating motor PN in 9 cases. Vitamin therapy, motor rehabilitation and psychotherapy sessions have been indicated. Only 6 patients showed slight clinical improvement after withdrawal. The rest of our patients did not quit; 84% of them became bedridden.ConclusionsGlue-sniffer related neuropathy is very common in our country especially in adolescents and young adults with low socio-economic background. The neurological outcome is serious and usually irreversible if exposure is persistent.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared
A new Co(II) perchlorate complex of the bis-morpholino/benzoimidazole-s-triazine ligand, 4,4′-(6-(1H-benzodimidazol-1-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diyl)dimorpholine (BMBIT), was synthesized and ...characterized. The structure of the new Co(II) complex was approved to be Co(BMBIT)2(H2O)4(ClO4)2*H2O using single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The Co(II) complex was found crystallized in the monoclinic crystal system and P21/c space group. The unit cell parameters are a = 22.21971(11) Å, b = 8.86743(4) Å, c = 24.38673(12) Å and β = 113.4401(6)°. This heteroleptic complex has distorted octahedral coordination geometry with two monodenatate BMBIT ligand units via the benzoimidazole N-atom and four water molecules as monodentate ligands. The hydration water and perchlorate ions participated significantly in the supramolecular structure of the Co(BMBIT)2(H2O)4(ClO4)2*H2O complex. Analysis of dnorm map and a fingerprint plot indicated the importance of O···H, N···H, C···H, C···O, C···N and H···H contacts. Their percentages are 27.5, 7.9, 14.0, 0.9, 2.8 and 43.5%, respectively. The sensitivity of some harmful microbes towards the studied compounds was investigated. The Co(II) complex has good antifungal activity compared to the free BMBIT which has no antifungal activity. The Co(II) complex has good activity against B. subtilis, S. aureus, P. vulgaris and E. coli while the free BMBIT ligand has limited activity only towards B. subtilis and P. vulgaris. Hence, the Co(BMBIT)2(H2O)4(ClO4)2*H2O complex has broad spectrum antimicrobial action compared to the free BMBIT ligand.
The unexpected tetranuclear Cu4(DPPT)2Cl6 complex was obtained by self-assembly of CuCl2.2H2O and (E)-2,4-di(piperidin-1-yl)-6-(2-(1-(pyridin-2-yl)ethylidene)hydrazinyl)-1,3,5-triazine, (HDPPT) in ...ethanol. In this tetranuclear Cu4(DPPT)2Cl6 complex, the organic ligand acts as mononegative chelate bridging two crystallographically independent Cu(II) sites. The DPPT− anion acts as a bidentate ligand with respect to Cu(1), while it is a tridentate for Cu(2). The Cu(1)N2Cl3 and Cu(2)N3Cl spheres have square pyramidal and square planar coordination geometries with some distortion, respectively. Two of the chloride ions coordinating the Cu(1) are bridging between two crystallographically related Cu(1) sites connecting two Cu2(DPPT)Cl3 units together, leading to the tetranuclear formula Cu4(DPPT)2Cl6. The packing of the Cu4(DPPT)2Cl6 complex is dominated by C-H…Cl contacts, leading to one-dimensional hydrogen-bond polymeric structure. According to Hirshfeld surface analysis of molecular packing, the non-covalent interactions H…H, Cl…H, Cl…C, C…H, and N…H are the most significant. Their percentages are 52.8, 19.0, 3.2, 7.7, and 9.7%, respectively. Antimicrobial assessment showed good antifungal activity of the Cu(II) complex against A. fumigatus and C. albicans compared to Ketoconazole as positive control. Moreover, the Cu4(DPPT)2Cl6 complex has higher activity against Gram-positive bacteria than Gentamycin as positive control. The opposite was observed when testing the tetranuclear Cu4(DPPT)2Cl6 complex against the Gram-negative bacteria.
The heterogeneous network (HetNet) deployed small cells technology in order to overcome the problems of holes “blind spots” coverage in 3G and 4G mobile networks. In this work, we propose a ...hierarchical HetNet layout comprises of three layers, macro, metro and femto cells. The metro cell is deployed as a backhaul layer in-between macro cell and femto cell layers and operates in a complementary fashion to fulfill handover (HO) traffic interplay between successive layers. Accordingly, the femto cell serves indoor traffic activity of femto users, while metro cell serves the outdoor traffic activities as well as the overflow traffic from femto cells. In addition, in order to reduce the failure probability of femto users handed over to metro cell, a guard channel scheme is employed to prioritize the HO call over new call requests. The highest layer in HetNet, macro cell only serves macro users and the overflowed traffic from the lower layer. Then, we develop a realistic teletraffic model in order to measure the QoS metrics of the proposed HetNet. The numerical results show the capability of HetNet with coexisting small cells to offload traffic from traditional macro cellular network in terms of reducing the blocking probability.
The mobile network operators seek ways to increase their capacity and coverage in order to be able to deliver high quality services even under surging mobile broadband demand. The deployment of ...femtocells is the most efficient, economical and technically feasible approach to achieve this goal. However, a two-layered femtocell/macrocell heterogeneous networks where users can handover from a femtocell to the overlaid macrocell requires innovative traffic management techniques. While call handover from a femtocell to a macrocell can be easily implemented based on already known procedures, on the other hand, the handover towards a femtocell is more challenging. More specifically, due to the limited bandwidth available at each femtocell, it is not spectrally efficient to use a typical guard channel scheme in order to prioritize handover calls over new calls. Therefore, in this paper we introduce a dynamic pre-reservation scheme, which is based on the predictive channel reservation concept and adjusts dynamically the reserved resources. We show both analytically and by simulation that the proposed scheme can be efficiently applied to a two-layered femtocell/macrocell heterogeneous mobile network.
Due to the growing importance of deploying femtocell technology in the current mobile network operators, data traffic processing and handover (HO) management in such networks are challenging issues. ...Consequently, due to the mobility of femto users between indoor and outdoor environments, the HO traffic interplay between macrocell and femtocells should be addressed, by determining accurate HO rate and actual channel holding time. Classical methods for data traffic process and HO management cannot directly apply in such network. In this paper, we propose an adaptive call admission control (CAC) policy based on a pre-reservation (PR) area as well as we employ the concept of adaptive reserved channel to accomplish quality of service (QoS) requirements for handover traffic requests. A teletraffic model based on queuing theory and Markov chains will allow us to evaluate and quantify QoS metrics performance of the proposed scheme. The numerical results reveal that the benefits of femtocell technology integration with the current macrocellular mobile networks, especially in reducing the traffic loads of macrocell in terms of minimizing blocking probability.
In this paper, we propose an efficient heterogeneous network (HetNet) architecture with coexisting small cell technology to provide capacity and coverage expanding in 3G and 4G mobile networks. A ...hierarchical HetNet layout comprises of three layers macro-, metro- and femtocell. The metrocell is employed as an intermediate layer in the integrated femtocellular/macrocellular network, which operates in a complementary fashion, in order to manage the handover traffic between the edge layers. Consequently, the femtocell serves indoor traffic activity of femto users, while metrocell serves the outdoor traffic activities as well as the overflow traffic from femtocells. The overall HetNet is completed with the macrocell overlay layer, which serves only the macro users and the overflowed traffic from the underlay layer. Then, we develop a realistic teletraffic framework in order to evaluate the performance of the proposed HetNet. We show both analytically and by simulation that the proposed HetNet architecture with coexisting small cells is able to offload traffic from traditional macrocellular network in terms of reducing the blocking probability.
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•New s-triazine hydrazone lignad was designed.•Novel Mn(II) and Cu(II) Complexes with NNN-tridentate s-Triazine-Schiff base Ligand were synthesized.•X-Ray single crystal of the metal ...complexes were solved.•Chemical insight of the metal complexes structure was explored.•The anti-cancer and antimicrobial of the metal complexes were examined.
The new s-triazine hydrazone, 2,4-bis(morpholin-4-yl)-6-(E)-2-1-(pyridin-2-yl)ethylidenehydrazin-1-yl-1,3,5-triazine, (L) ligand was used to synthesize three new metal complexes. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that the MnLCl2 (1) and CuLCl2.H2O (2) complexes exhibit distorted trigonal bipyramidal coordination geometry with one NNN-tridentate ligand L and two chloride ions. The trigonality index (τ5) was calculated to be 0.332 and 0.235 Ǻ for complexes 1 and 2, respectively. In case of the CuL(NO3)2 complex (3), the Cu(II) ion is hexa-coordinated with one NNN-tridentate ligand L, one bidentate nitrate and one monodentate nitrate. The supramolecular structure of complexes 1 and 3 was analyzed using Hirshfeld calculations; hydrogen bonding-based interactions have the largest contribution in their molecular packing. The anticancer and antimicrobial activities of the ligand and its complexes (1–3) were examined. The three complexes have higher anticancer activity against colon HCT-116 and lung A-549 cancer cell lines than the free ligand (L). The only exception is complex 1 which has less cytotoxic activity against lung A-549 cancer cell line than L. Interestingly, the Cu(II) complexes have higher cytotoxic activity than the Mn(II) complex, where complex 3 has the best anticancer activity against HCT-116 (IC50 = 7.78 ± 0.27 μg/mL) and A-549 (12.40 ± 0.54 μg/mL) cell lines. In addition, the three complexes showed greater activity against gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus and B. subtilis) than gram-negative bacteria (E. coli and P. vulgaris) where 3 has best antibacterial activity.
