Numerical and experimental investigations highlighting the heat and mass transfer phenomena in a laminar co-flowing jet diffusion flame have been carried out. The fuel under consideration is ...ethylene, with ambient air as the co-flowing oxidizer. The diffusion flame is modeled using a 17-step reduced reaction mechanism with finite rate chemistry and the effects of soot on the radiative heat transfer of the flame have been demonstrated. Soot growth and oxidation processes are studied using a two-equation transport model, while the radiative heat transfer is modeled using the P1 approximation. An in-house finite volume code has been developed to solve the axi-symmetric Navier–Stokes equations in cylindrical coordinates, along with the soot mass fraction, soot number density, energy and species conservation equations. Comparison of predictions with experimental results shows reasonable agreement with regard to the flame height and temperature distribution. A parametric study is also presented, which illustrates the effects of the fuel jet Reynolds number and the flow rate of co-flow air.
We present a search for electron neutrino appearance from accelerator-produced muon neutrinos in the K2K long-baseline neutrino experiment. One candidate event is found in the data corresponding to ...an exposure of 4.8 x 10(19) protons on target. The expected background in the absence of neutrino oscillations is estimated to be 2.4+/-0.6 events and is dominated by misidentification of events from neutral current pi(0) production. We exclude the nu(micro) to nu(e) oscillations at 90% C.L. for the effective mixing angle in the 2-flavor approximation of sin((2)2theta(microe)( approximately 1/2sin((2)2theta(13))>0.15 at Deltam(2)(microe)=2.8 x 10(-3) eV(2), the best-fit value of the nu(micro) disappearance analysis in K2K. The most stringent limit of sin((2)2theta(microe)<0.09 is obtained at Deltam(2)(microe)=6 x 10(-3) eV(2).
Muon neutrino disappearance probability as a function of neutrino flight length L over neutrino energy E was studied. A dip in the L/E distribution was observed in the data, as predicted from the ...sinusoidal flavor transition probability of neutrino oscillation. The observed L/E distribution constrained nu(micro)<-->nu(tau) neutrino oscillation parameters; 1.9x10(-3)<Deltam(2)<3.0x10(-3) eV(2) and sin((2)2theta>0.90 at 90% confidence level.
Background
Cardiac output is the fundamental determinant of peripheral blood flow however; optimal regional tissue perfusion is ultimately dependant on the integrity of the arterial conduits that ...transport flow. A complete understanding of tissue perfusion requires knowledge of both cardiac and peripheral blood flow. Existing noninvasive devices do not simultaneously assess the cardiac and peripheral circulations. Multi-channel electrical bioimpedance (MEB) measures cardiac output and peripheral flow simultaneously.
Objectives
Assessment of the accuracy of MEB to measure cardiac output in patients with clinical heart failure (group 1) and to measure regional arterial limb flow in patients with exertional leg pain clinically thought to have peripheral arterial disease (group 2).
Methods
Cardiac output was measured by MEB in 44 patients with moderate to severe clinical heart failure (group 1) and was compared to a cardiac output measured by 2D-Echo Doppler. Peripheral blood flow (regional ankle and arm flow) was measured by MEB in another group of 25 patients with exertional leg pain clinically thought to be claudication (group 2). The MEB ankle/arm flow ratio (AAI index) was then compared to a conventional ankle/brachial pressure ratio (ABI index).
Results
There was excellent correlation between the mean cardiac index by MEB (2.01 l/min/m
2
) and by 2D-Echo Doppler (2.06 l/min/m
2
) and bias and precision was 0.05 (2.4%) and ±0.48 l/min/m
2
(±23%), respectively. The correlation was maintained for each measurement over a wide range of cardiac indices. There was good correlation between AAI and ABI measurements (
P
< 0.05).
Conclusions
MEB accurately measures cardiac output in patients with moderate to severe clinical heart failure and accurately measures regional arterial limb flow in patients with peripheral arterial disease.
We present results for nu(mu) oscillation in the KEK to Kamioka (K2K) long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment. K2K uses an accelerator-produced nu(mu) beam with a mean energy of 1.3 GeV ...directed at the Super-Kamiokande detector. We observed the energy-dependent disappearance of nu(mu), which we presume have oscillated to nu(tau). The probability that we would observe these results if there is no neutrino oscillation is 0.0050% (4.0 sigma).
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