The materials of deep seismic studies carried out on the 1-SB reference geophysical profile and the areal interpretation of the seismological data obtained in the Trans-Baikal part of the Central ...Asian Fold Belt are presented. It is shown that longitudinal and transverse waves were recorded from the reference boundaries within the crust and the Moho surface in the Trans-Baikal region using explosions and powerful vibration sources on the 1200-km long 1-SB geophysical profile. The inhomogeneous upper crust velocity structure down to 15–20-km depths and the Moho surface was revealed from P- and S-waves. The anomalous mantle, which exhibited decreased boundary velocity values of P- and S-waves at 7.8–7.95 km/s and 4.3–4.5 km/s, respectively, was reliably traced within the Baikal Rift Zone from the DSS and seismological data. In the southeastern part of the area (the central Mongol-Okhotsk Orogenic Belt and adjacent folded structures of the Trans-Baikal region) a layer of increased P-and S-wave velocity values of 8.4 ± 0.15 km/s and 4.9 ± 0.05 km/s, accordingly, was detected at the mantle surface. A comparison was made with the materials of other studies.
The features and changes in the microstructure of the electrode material of the negative electrode of the lead–acid starter accumulator battery appearing on the addition of two different specimens of ...carbon carbon black and hybrid carbon, are investigated. The X-ray phase analysis and the scanning electron microscopy analysis are conducted. It is established that using carbon black or hybrid carbon as an additive to the material of the negative electrode influences its structure causing changes in the processes of its impregnation and formation. Based on the structural analysis, a qualitative description, according to which hybrid carbon increases the dispersity of the negative active mass and impedes the diffusion of sulfate-ions, is proposed. The standard tests were conducted by intensive cycling in the partial state of charge lead–acid starter batteries in the charge–discharge mode. The batteries were manufactured using negative plates with additives of technical or hybrid carbon. The influence of each type of carbon additive on the electrical characteristics of the starter batteries is determined. It is shown that the additive of hybrid carbon increases the service life of starter batteries under operation in the partial state of the charge. This additive increases the charge acceptance on average by 9% and the deep discharge stability of the battery. The capacity loss after deep discharge is less than 4.4% if hybrid carbon is used as an additive and 7.2% in the case of carbon black.
This paper presents the past, present and future status of the Russian VLBI network “Quasar”. This network has been developed for at least 20 years by the Institute of Applied Astronomy of the ...Russian Academy of Sciences (IAA RAS). The equipment installed currently at each “Quasar” station and the facilities for processing observational data are described briefly. The latest results are presented, including the Earth orientation parameters (EOP) determined from the “Quasar” VLBI data and comparison with those from other processing centers. Our future plans to extend the “Quasar” VLBI network to the east and to the west will be carried out by establishing the Ussurijsk station in the Far East and the Russian-Cuban station in the west. They are considered in the context of the Russian section activity in the GGOS project. The expected improvement of the EOP determination accuracy can be obtained within the future configuration of the “Quasar” network, which is proved by simulation.
The development of a structural-parametric approach to constructing analytical approximations is considered. Within the framework of the new method, which includes modified
S
-approximations and ...determination of the integral curves of the vector field, a method is proposed for finding the analytic continuation of the field in the case of profile (route) geophysical measurements. The results of a mathematical experiment using real data on an anomalous gravitational field from data of marine areal gravimetric and airborne gravimetric route surveys are presented. It is shown that the proposed analysis algorithm is promising for finding analytic continuations of geopotential fields within a certain neighborhood of the measurement profile when a sufficient volume of areal data is lacking.
This paper reports changes in the main parameters of lower limb veins in 35 cosmonauts in the course of six-month space missions. Major reduction in the leg volume was shown in all cosmonauts, as ...well as a significant increase in venous capacitance and compliance. The rate of lower leg vein filling exhibited different trends; it was decreased in the majority of cosmonauts (
n
= 26, 74%) and increased in the rest (
n
= 9, 26%). Increases in venous capacitance, compliance, and filling rates may impact orthostatic stability (OS). These changes are among the pathophysiological mechanisms of the OS loss in spaceflight.
A study of the Pd-containing catalyst based on manganese hexaaluminate by X-ray diffraction analysis, transmission electron microscopy, thermo-programmed reduction with hydrogen, and thermoprogrammed ...oxidation showed the hysteresis manifested itself in a difference between the temperature dependences of its catalytic activity in the oxidation of methane under the conditions of sample heating or cooling is related to the decomposition of PdO to metallic palladium at temperatures higher than 700–800°C and the subsequent formation of PdO nanoparticles, which are localized on the surface of metallic Pd (30–50 nm) in the form of polycrystalline films with a thickness of 2–5 nm, at temperatures lower than 600–700°C. A near-surface oxide film is formed under the conditions of cooling in oxygen-containing atmospheres, including in the presence of methane. The value of the hysteresis depends on the heat treatment temperature of the catalyst, and it reaches a maximum on the catalysts calcined at 900 and 1000°C.
The reactivity of thiophene, dibenzothiophene (DBT), and 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene (4,6-DMDBT), which are the representatives of the main classes of sulfur compounds that are the constituents of ...diesel fractions, was studied in the course of their oxidative desulfurization with oxygen on a CuO/ZnO/Al
2
O
3
catalyst modified with boron and molybdenum additives. At T ≥ 375°C, the reactivity increased in the order thiophene < DBT < 4,6-DMDBT. The degree of sulfur removal in the form of SO
2
from hydrocarbon fuel, which was simulated by a solution of 4,6-DMDBT in toluene, was 80%. Under the assumption of a first order reaction with respect to sulfur compound and oxygen, the apparent activation energies of the test processes were calculated. An attempt was made to reveal the role of the adsorption of sulfur compounds in the overall process of oxidative desulfurization with the use of X-ray diffraction analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and differential thermal and thermogravimetric analysis with the massspectrometric monitoring of gas phase composition.
In recent years, Russian power grid companies have significantly intensified their planning and implementing innovative projects to introduce various elements of smart grid technology. The global ...experience shows that the best potential outcome from smart grid technologies largely relies on the customers’ readiness and adoption. To this end, we assess the Russian consumers’ awareness and readiness regarding smart grid technologies by conducting a comprehensive survey. Our empirical study showed that, in general, Russian consumers are unaware of the various aspects of smart grid technologies. On the contrary, a significant share of respondents believes that smart grid technologies can reduce their energy consumption burden through gaining efficiency. The low level of awareness would be detrimental to accrue smart grid innovative projects’ potential socio-economic and environmental benefits. We propose several recommendations for policymakers and managers of grid companies for the elimination of the identified risks.
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► Two alternative biofilter media (pine nuggets and lava rock) were compared. ► Three empty bed contact times and two moisture levels were tested. ► Lava rock had lower pressure drops ...and it settled down less. ► Gas phase reduction efficiencies of lava rock was higher than that of pine nuggets. ► Efficiencies were higher at 5s empty bed contact time and high moisture level.
Wood chips and bark mulch are commonly used biofilter media because they are generally locally available and inexpensive. Nevertheless, these organic materials degrade and require replacement every 2–5years. In this study, airflow characteristics and gas reduction efficiencies of two alternative biofilter media (pine nuggets and lava rock) with high porosity and potentially longer service lives were evaluated at three empty bed contact times (1, 3, and 5s) and two moisture levels (82% and 90% relative humidity). The lava rock had a lower pressure drop across the media and maintained higher media depth. Gas reduction efficiencies were highest for lava rock at 5s empty bed contact time and 90% humidity. The reduction efficiencies at these conditions were 56%, 88%, 87%, 25%, and 0.7% for ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, total reduced sulfur, methane and nitrous oxide, respectively. Odor reduction up to 48% was observed but was not consistent.
Chromosome conformation capture techniques have revolutionized our understanding of chromatin architecture and dynamics at the genome-wide scale. In recent years, these methods have been applied to a ...diverse array of species, revealing fundamental principles of chromosomal organization. However, structural organization of the extrachromosomal entities, like viral genomes or plasmids, and their interactions with the host genome, remain relatively underexplored. In this work, we introduce an enhanced 4C-protocol tailored for probing plasmid DNA interactions. We design specific plasmid vector and optimize protocol to allow high detection rate of contacts between the plasmid and host DNA.
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