L’article tente d’appliquer la notion de transfert culturel à deux études de cas en lien avec la région du Minho (Portugal), celui du retable de la chapelle des reliques de l’ancienne église ...bénédictine de Rio de Janeiro et celui du retable principal de l’église bénédictine d’Olinda. La critique n’a que ponctuellement associé ces retables respectivement à André Soares (1720-1769) et au frère José Vilaça (1731-1809), les deux noms les plus connus de l’art minhote, et hésite sur leurs répercussions brésiliennes. Mais le commanditaire du premier de ces retables en avait déjà financé un autre pour la chapelle privée qu’il possédait dans le Minho, et le second appartient au réseau bénédictin, au sein duquel le moine artiste a pu développer son art. Il s’agit donc de comprendre, à la lumière de ces exemples, à la fois en quoi la méthode des transferts culturels est applicable et ce qu’elle peut apporter à la lecture de ces œuvres, tout en interrogeant sa dépendance par rapport à des méthodes plus traditionnelles de l’histoire de l’art.
Objective
To summarize the 2010 EFNS/MDS‐ES evidence‐based treatment recommendations for the management of Parkinson's disease (PD). This summary includes the treatment recommendations for early and ...late PD.
Methods
For the 2010 publication, a literature search was undertaken for articles published up to September 2009. For this summary, an additional literature search was undertaken up to December 2010. Classification of scientific evidence and the rating of recommendations were made according to the EFNS guidance. In cases where there was insufficient scientific evidence, a consensus statement (‘good practice point’) is made.
Results and Conclusions
For each clinical indication, a list of therapeutic interventions is provided, including classification of evidence.
Recent studies have demonstrated that the anti-diabetic drug, metformin, can exhibit direct antitumoral effects, or can indirectly decrease tumor proliferation by improving insulin sensitivity. ...Despite these recent advances, the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in decreasing tumor formation are not well understood. In this study, we examined the antiproliferative role and mechanism of action of metformin in MCF-7 cancer cells treated with 10 mM of metformin for 24, 48, and 72 hours. Using BrdU and the MTT assay, it was found that metformin demonstrated an antiproliferative effect in MCF-7 cells that occurred in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Flow cytometry was used to analyze markers of cell cycle, apoptosis, necrosis and oxidative stress. Exposure to metformin induced cell cycle arrest in G0-G1 phase and increased cell apoptosis and necrosis, which were associated with increased oxidative stress. Gene and protein expression were determined in MCF-7 cells by real time RT-PCR and western blotting, respectively. In MCF-7 cells metformin decreased the activation of IRβ, Akt and ERK1/2, increased p-AMPK, FOXO3a, p27, Bax and cleaved caspase-3, and decreased phosphorylation of p70S6K and Bcl-2 protein expression. Co-treatment with metformin and H2O2 increased oxidative stress which was associated with reduced cell number. In the presence of metformin, treating with SOD and catalase improved cell viability. Treatment with metformin resulted in an increase in p-p38 MAPK, catalase, MnSOD and Cu/Zn SOD protein expression. These results show that metformin has an antiproliferative effect associated with cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, which is mediated by oxidative stress, as well as AMPK and FOXO3a activation. Our study further reinforces the potential benefit of metformin in cancer treatment and provides novel mechanistic insight into its antiproliferative role.
Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are fermentation products of anaerobic bacteria. More than just being an important energy source for intestinal epithelial cells, these compounds are modulators of ...leukocyte function and potential targets for the development of new drugs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of SCFAs (acetate, propionate and butyrate) on production of nitric oxide (NO) and proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-2 (CINC-2αβ) by rat neutrophils. The involvement of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and histone deacetylase (HDAC) was examined. The effect of butyrate was also investigated in vivo after oral administration of tributyrin (a pro-drug of butyrate). Propionate and butyrate diminished TNF-α, CINC-2αβ and NO production by LPS-stimulated neutrophils. We also observed that these fatty acids inhibit HDAC activity and NF-κB activation, which might be involved in the attenuation of the LPS response. Products of cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase are not involved in the effects of SCFAs as indicated by the results obtained with the inhibitors of these enzymes. The recruitment of neutrophils to the peritonium after intraperitoneal administration of a glycogen solution (1%) and the ex vivo production of cytokines and NO by neutrophils were attenuated in rats that previously received tributyrin. These results argue that this triglyceride may be effective in the treatment of inflammatory conditions.
Neuropathic pain treatment remains unsatisfactory despite a substantial increase in the number of trials. This EFNS Task Force aimed at evaluating the existing evidence about the pharmacological ...treatment of neuropathic pain. Studies were identified using first the Cochrane Database then Medline. Trials were classified according to the aetiological condition. All class I and II controlled trials (according to EFNS classification of evidence) were assessed, but lower‐class studies were considered in conditions that had no top level studies. Only treatments feasible in an outpatient setting were evaluated. Effects on pain symptoms/signs, quality of life and comorbidities were particularly searched for. Most of the randomized controlled trials included patients with postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) and painful polyneuropathies (PPN) mainly caused by diabetes. These trials provide level A evidence for the efficacy of tricyclic antidepressants, gabapentin, pregabalin and opioids, with a large number of class I trials, followed by topical lidocaine (in PHN) and the newer antidepressants venlafaxine and duloxetine (in PPN). A small number of controlled trials were performed in central pain, trigeminal neuralgia, other peripheral neuropathic pain states and multiple‐aetiology neuropathic pains. The main peripheral pain conditions respond similarly well to tricyclic antidepressants, gabapentin, and pregabalin, but some conditions, such as HIV‐associated polyneuropathy, are more refractory. There are too few studies on central pain, combination therapy, and head‐to‐head comparison. For future trials, we recommend to assess quality of life and pain symptoms or signs with standardized tools.
Sea level rise (SLR) is estimated to impact 25% of the world's population along coastal areas leading to an increase in saltwater intrusion. Consequently, changes in the soil biogeochemistry of ...currently non-saline and/or well-drained soils due to saltwater intrusion are of major concern. Saltwater intrusion is expected to affect farmland across large broiler producer regions, where large amounts of manure containing organic arsenicals were applied over the past decades. To determine how SLR may impact the speciation and mobility of adsorbed inorganic and organic As, we used in situ real-time attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) to determine the adsorption and desorption mechanisms of As(V) and 4-aminophenylarsonic (p-ASA, a poultry feed additive) on ferrihydrite (Fh) in the presence of sulfate at varying pH. The adsorption of As(V) and p-ASA increased at lower pH, with As(V) showing IR features consistent with the formation of inner-sphere of As-Fh surface complexes, while p-ASA also formed others structures as H-bonded As-surface complexes, likely mediated by outer-sphere complexes, based on our FTIR and batch experiments data. No observable As(V) or p-ASA desorption from the Fh surface was promoted by sulfate, however sulfate adsorption on the Fh surface was remarkably larger for p-ASA than for As(V). Complimentary, we carried out batch studies of As(V) and p-ASA desorption by Fh, using artificial seawater (ASW) at varying concentrations. The 1% ASW desorbed ∼10% of initially sorbed p-ASA, while at 100% ASW desorbed ∼40%. However, <1% of As(V) was desorbed by 1% ASW solution and only ∼7.9% were desorbed at 100% ASW. The spectroscopic data support the more extensive desorption of p-ASA compared to As(V) observed in batch experiments, suggesting that organoarsenicals may be easily desorbed and, after conversion to inorganic forms, pose a risk to water supplies.
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•In-situ ATR-FTIR was used to determine the adsorption mechanisms of As-compounds on ferrihydrite.•Adsorbed-p-arsanilic presented some features of outer-sphere surface complexation.•Artificial seawater desorbed more p-arsanilic than As(V).•Desorbed organoarsenicals pose a risk to water quality in sea-level-rise scenarios.
The cellular cytoskeleton is involved with multiple biological processes and is tightly regulated by multiple proteins and effectors. Among these, the RhoGTPases family is one of the most important ...players. RhoGTPAses are, in turn, regulated by many other elements. In the past decade, one of those regulators, the RhoGAP Rho GTPase Activating Protein 21 (ARHGAP21), has been overlooked, despite being implied as having an important role on many of those processes. In this paper, we aimed to review the available literature regarding ARHGAP21 to highlight its importance and the mechanisms of action that have been found so far for this still unknown protein involved with cell adhesion, migration, Golgi regulation, cell trafficking, and even insulin secretion.
ARHGAP21 is an understudied but important protein related to multiple processes, especially those linked with the actin cytoskeleton, including migration, adhesion, intracellular transport, and insulin secretion. This review intends to summarize the known data regarding ARHGAP21’s role in those processes.
Microgap and bacterial microleakage at the implant-prosthetic abutment interface are recognized concerns for implant-supported restorations, leading to inflammation of the peri-implant tissues, with ...deleterious consequences for crestal bone levels. However, little is known regarding the interface established between the implant and the healing abutment or cover screw placed for the osseointegration phase.
The purpose of this in vitro study was to characterize the implant-cover screw and implant-healing abutment interfaces of a platform-switched implant system to determine the microgap and bacterial microleakage of the system and evaluate the biological response and functionality of an interface sealing agent.
The interfacial microgaps of the implant-healing abutment and implant-cover screw interfaces were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (n=10), and bacterial microleakage was evaluated after colonization with Enterococcus faecalis in a 30-day follow-up (n=10). The sealing efficacy and irritation potential of a silicone-based sealer were determined by using the hen's egg test on chorioallantoic membrane assay. The 2-sample t test was performed to compare means between groups, and data presented with the Kaplan-Meier method were compared statistically by using the log-rank test (α=.05).
The interfacial microgap was less than 2.5 μm for both systems. Bacterial microleakage was noted in approximately 50% of the specimens, particularly at early time points, at both the healing abutment and cover screw interfaces. The silicone-based sealer prevented bacterial leakage in the experimental setting.
The implant-healing abutment and implant-cover screw interfaces of the tested system, despite the low microgap, allowed for bacterial microleakage after internal colonization. The use of a nonirritating silicone-based sealing agent effectively sealed the system.
Chemical stabilization is an in-situ remediation that uses amendments to reduce contaminant availability in polluted soils. Rates of phosphate, lime, biochar, and biosolids were evaluated as ...affecting Pb speciation and mobility in soil samples of a mining area located in Vazante, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Chemical and mineralogical characterization, desorption kinetics, sequential extraction, leaching evaluation in columns and speciation using X-ray absorption near edge structure were performed. Pb adsorbed on bentonite and on anglesite were the predominant species in the unamended soil. The treatments with phosphate and lime transformed part of the Pb species to pyromorphite. Conversely, part of Pb species was transformed to Pb adsorbed on citrate in the soil amended with biochar, while PbCl2 was formed in soil samples amended with biosolids. Phosphate and lime increased the Pb extracted in the residual fraction, thus showing that more recalcitrant species, such as pyromorphite, were formed. Biosolids and biochar treatments decreased the Pb in the residual fraction, and the fraction associated to organic matter increased after the addition of biosolids. Phosphate and lime were effective to immobilize Pb and to decrease Pb desorption kinetics, but the organic amendments increased the desorption kinetics of Pb in all rates applied. The soil amended with phosphate decreased the Pb leached in the experiment with leaching columns.
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•In-situ remediation was tested to immobilization of Pb in mine-waste soil.•Desorption tests and XANES speciation were performed in Pb-rich soils.•Phosphate and lime increased the Pb recalcitrant species, such as pyromorphite.•Phosphate and lime decreased Pb desorption and increased Pb in the residual fraction.•Organic amendments increased the Pb desorption in all rates applied.
The solubility and transport of Cr(VI) is primarily controlled by adsorption-desorption reactions at the surfaces of soil minerals such as iron oxides. Environmental properties such as pH, ionic ...strength, and ion competition are expected to affect the mobility and fate of Cr(VI). Sea level rise (SLR), and consequent seawater intrusion, is creating a new biogeochemical soil environment at coastal margins, potentially impacting Cr(VI) retention at contaminated sites. We employed in-situ ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and DFT calculations to investigate at the molecular level the adsorption of Cr(VI) on the hematite surface and its desorption by sulfate, as a function of pH and ionic strength. We further used a batch experiment to assess Cr(VI) desorption at varying artificial seawater (ASW) concentrations. IR results demonstrate the complexity of Cr(VI) adsorption, showing a combination of monodentate inner-sphere complexation at high pH and dichromate outer-sphere (∼75%) at low pH. The Cr(VI)-complexes exhibited desorption induced by increasing pH values (58% of desorption) and sulfate competition (∼40% desorption). ASW desorbed ∼20% more Cr(VI), even at just 1% concentration. Our findings provide insight into Cr(VI)-adsorption complexation that controls the retention and remobilization of Cr(VI) on Fe-oxide minerals. The results point to an elevated risk of Cr(VI) mobilization in contaminated soils affected by SLR.
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•In-situ ATR-FTIR and DFT explored Cr(VI) adsorption on hematite.•At low pH Cr(VI) presented dominant features of the outer-sphere surface complex.•High IS and high sulfate concentration improve Cr(VI) desorption.•Artificial seawater desorbed ∼50% initial Cr(VI)-adsorbed on hematite.•Cr(VI) may be mobilization in contaminated soils affected by seawater intrusion.
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