We present the first observation of self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) in a free-electron laser (FEL) in the vacuum ultraviolet regime at 109 nm wavelength (11 eV). The observed free-electron ...laser gain (approximately 3000) and the radiation characteristics, such as dependency on bunch charge, angular distribution, spectral width, and intensity fluctuations, are all consistent with the present models for SASE FELs.
The arcs of the proton storage ring of HERA are equipped with superconducting magnets. The magnets are arranged in a regular FODO cell structure consisting of two quadrupoles and four dipoles. The ...cryostats of the dipoles and the quadrupoles have a length of 9.7 m and 4 m, respectively. There are 422 dipoles and 224 quadrupoles in the ring, including some special magnets. In addition, there are about 1500 superconducting correction elements. The sequence of installation is discussed. The manpower requirements and the installation speed are described. Project engineering and project management aspects are considered.< >
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