Environmental disturbances define the diversity and assemblage of species, affecting the functioning of ecosystems. Fire is a major disturbance of Mediterranean pine forests. Pines are highly ...dependent on the ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungal symbiosis, which is critical for tree recruitment under primary succession. To determine the effects of time since fire on the structure and recovery of EM fungal communities, we surveyed the young Pinus pinaster regenerate in three sites differing in the elapsed time after the last fire event. Pine roots were collected, and EM fungi characterized by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and the large subunit (LSU) regions of the nuclear ribosomal (nr)-DNA. The effects of the elapsed time after fire on the EM community structure (richness, presence/absence of fungi, phylogenetic diversity) and on soil properties were analysed.Fungal richness decreased with the elapsed time since the fire; although, the phylogenetic diversity of the EM community increased. Soil properties were different depending on the elapsed time after fire and particularly, the organic matter, carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio, nitrogen and iron significantly correlated with the assemblage of fungal species. Ascomycetes, particularly Tuberaceae and Pezizales, were significantly over-represented on saplings in the burned site. On seedlings, a significant over-representation of Rhizopogonaceae and Atheliaceae was observed in the most recently burned site, while other fungi (i.e. Cortinariaceae) were significantly under-represented. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that fire can act as a selective agent by printing a phylogenetic signal on the EM fungal communities associated with naturally regenerated pines, pointing out to some groups as potential fire-adapted fungi.
Yeast selection for the wine industry in Spain started in 1950 for the understanding of the microbial ecology, and for the selection of optimal strains to improve the performance of alcoholic ...fermentation and the overall wine quality. This process has been strongly developed over the last 30 years, firstly on Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and, lately, with intense activity on non-Saccharomyces. Several thousand yeast strains have been isolated, identified and tested to select those with better performance and/or specific technological properties. The present review proposes a global survey of this massive ex-situ preservation of eukaryotic microorganisms, a reservoir of biotechnological solutions for the wine sector, overviewing relevant screenings that led to the selection of strains from 12 genera and 22 species of oenological significance. In the first part, the attention goes to the selection programmes related to relevant wine-producing areas (i.e. Douro, Extremadura, Galicia, La Mancha and Uclés, Ribera del Duero, Rioja, Sherry area, and Valencia). In the second part, the focus shifted on specific non-Saccharomyces genera/species selected from different Spanish and Portuguese regions, exploited to enhance particular attributes of the wines. A fil rouge of the dissertation is the design of tailored biotechnological solutions for wines typical of given geographic areas.
Additive manufacturing makes possible to overcome the limitations of subtractive manufacturing and supposes a transformation with respect to the traditional processes, allowing to manufacture complex ...geometries by controlled deposition of material. In the automotive industry, the application of continuous fiber reinforcement, in combination with shape optimization for additive manufacturing, can produce parts with higher mechanical performance. This paper reports the shape optimization problem of a suspension control arm to be produced by additive manufacturing with fiber reinforcement, using finite element analysis. First, the current material, loading conditions and constraints to which the control arm is subjected were determined, considering its traditional design. Then, a numerical model of the part was developed considering its current material and shape to obtain the total deformation and von Mises stress distributions. Afterwards, the new material model was defined, and the shape optimization was performed with the goal of maximizing stiffness. Finally, the results from the optimization process were validated by manufacturing and testing the part.
To analyse health-related quality of life in a sample of doctors and nurses from 2 intensive care units in the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina.
An analytical, cross-sectional and quantitative study. ...The Spanish version of the SF-36 questionnaire was used, which comprises 8 dimensions grouped into 2 components (physical and mental) and evaluates the health status of respondents on a scale from 0 to 100; the higher the score, the better the perception of health status.
Ninety-five professionals from 2 intensive care units participated, 58% from a private institution and the rest from a public institution. The majority were women (57%), doctors (37%) with an average age of 42 years and with a maximum undergraduate degree and degree (59%). Of the dimensions making up health-related quality of life, the vitality dimension was perceived poorest with an average of 53.3, and physical function was the best evaluated at 87.8. The physical component dimensions were better evaluated than those of the mental component. The variables sex (male), age (> 40 years), presence of chronic diseases, qualification (medical), hourly workload (> 40 h per week) and years of service (> 11 years), seem to have a negative influence on the perception of health-related quality of life.
Strategies need to be implemented to reduce the impact of work activity on the mental and physical health of health professionals. Strategies for health promotion and the prevention of known psychosocial and ergonomic risks are required, and workloads and duration of working hours need to be adjusted to preserve the integrity of health workers.
This contribution considers educational leadership practice to promote and sustain diversity. Comparative case studies are presented featuring educational leaders in the United States and New Zealand ...who counter injustice in their practice. The leaders' leadership practices responsive to the diversity presented in their schools offer reconceptualizations of educational leadership for a changing society. Applied critical leaders are defined through similarities and differences, followed by suggestions for critical leadership promoting social justice and educational equity and culturally responsive practices to inform policy and practice for sustainable future-focused educational leadership. KEY WORDS: educational leadership, diversity, case study, New Zealand, United States
To analyse health-related quality of life in a sample of doctors and nurses from 2 intensive care units in the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina.
An analytical, cross-sectional and quantitative study. ...The Spanish version of the SF-36 questionnaire was used, which comprises 8 dimensions grouped into 2 components (physical and mental) and evaluates the health status of respondents on a scale from 0 to 100; the higher the score, the better the perception of health status.
Ninety-five professionals from 2 intensive care units participated, 58% from a private institution and the rest from a public institution. The majority were women (57%), doctors (37%) with an average age of 42 years and with a maximum undergraduate degree and degree (59%). Of the dimensions making up health-related quality of life, the vitality dimension was perceived poorest with an average of 53.3, and physical function was the best evaluated at 87.8. The physical component dimensions were better evaluated than those of the mental component. The variables sex (male), age (> 40 years), presence of chronic diseases, qualification (medical), hourly workload (> 40 h per week) and years of service (> 11 years), seem to have a negative influence on the perception of health-related quality of life.
Strategies need to be implemented to reduce the impact of work activity on the mental and physical health of health professionals. Strategies for health promotion and the prevention of known psychosocial and ergonomic risks are required, and workloads and duration of working hours need to be adjusted to preserve the integrity of health workers.
Analizar la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en una muestra de médicos y enfermeras de 2 unidades de cuidados intensivos de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Estudio analítico, transversal y cuantitativo. Se utilizó el cuestionario SF-36 en su versión en español, el cual está compuesto por 8 dimensiones agrupadas en 2 componentes (físico y mental). Evalúa el estado de salud de los encuestados en una escala que va de 0 a 100, donde una mayor puntuación indica una mejor percepción del estado de la salud.
Participaron 95 profesionales de 2 unidades de cuidados intensivos, siendo de una institución privada el 58% y de una institución pública el resto. La mayoría fueron mujeres (57%), médicos (37%), con una edad media de 42 años y con título máximo de pregrado y grado (59%). De las dimensiones que componen la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud, la de vitalidad fue la peor percibida, con una media de 53,3, y la función física fue la mejor evaluada, con 87,8. Las dimensiones que conforman el componente físico presentaron una mejor evaluación frente a las del componente mental. Las variables sexo (hombre), edad (> 40 años), presencia de enfermedades crónicas, titulación (médico), carga horaria de trabajo (> 40 h semanales) y antigüedad laboral (> 11 años) parecen influir negativamente sobre la percepción de la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud.
Es necesario implementar estrategias tendientes a reducir el impacto de la actividad laboral sobre la salud psíquica y física de los profesionales de la salud, estableciendo estrategias de promoción de la salud y prevención de los riesgos psicosociales y ergonómicos conocidos, y adecuando las cargas y la duración de las jornadas de trabajo para preservar la integridad del trabajador de la salud.
•Effect of different nitrogen foliar treatments to vineyard on grape amino acid content.•Proline treatment did not affect the must nitrogen composition.•Phenylalanine and urea applications favoured ...the synthesis of the most amino acids.•Regardless of the formulation, nitrogen fertilizers improved grape amino acid content.•Enological interest to enhance amino acid content and a tool to improve wine quality.
The aim of this work was to study the influence of foliar application of different nitrogen sources on grape amino acid content. The nitrogen sources applied to Tempranillo grapevines were proline, phenylalanine, urea, and two commercial nitrogen fertilisers, both without and with amino acids in their formulations. All treatments were applied at veraison and one week later. Proline treatment did not affect the must nitrogen composition. However, phenylalanine and urea foliar application enhanced the plants’ synthesis of most of the amino acids, producing similar effects. In addition, the spray of commercial nitrogen fertilisers over leaves also induced a rise in grape amino acid concentrations regardless of the presence or absence of amino acids in their formulation. The most effective treatments were phenylalanine and urea followed by nitrogen fertilisers. This finding is of oenological interest for improved must nitrogen composition, ensuring better fermentation kinetics and most likely enhancing wine quality.
Aims
Twenty‐five enological yeasts belonging to nine different species (Candida zeylanoides, Cryptococcus uzbekistanensis, Debaryomyces hansenii, Lachancea thermotolerans, Metschnikowia pulcherrima, ...Torulaspora delbrueckii, Williopsis pratensis, Zygosaccharomyces bailii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) were screened for aroma formation and fermentative behaviour as part of a non‐Saccharomyces yeast selection programme.
Methods and Results
Pure cultures were inoculated in pasteurized grape juice in order to perform alcoholic fermentations. Some non‐Saccharomyces species did not ferment, others did not get established and none of them completed alcoholic fermentations. The physico‐chemical parameters of the wines and the abundance of aromatic compounds at the end of alcoholic fermentation highlighted the notable differences in the aroma‐forming ability and fermentative behaviour of the different non‐Saccharomyces species, but not within clones.
Conclusions
Lower diversity was detected within non‐Saccharomyces species than that reported in S. cerevisiae with regard to enological behaviour and aromatic profiles. Metschnikowia pulcherrima and L. thermotolerans are the two species with higher possibilities to become an inoculum.
Significance and Impact of the Study
Few significant differences were found within clones of the same species, but very important parameters in wine quality, such as volatile acidity, ethyl acetate and acetoin, which would justify selection programmes within those species. The results also demonstrated that T. delbrueckii and L. thermotolerans are two close species in their aromatic profiles.
Elicitors play an important role in the defense against pathogens as an alternative to chemical pesticides by increasing secondary metabolites. Their effect on grape amino acid has been little ...investigated. Thus, the aim of this research was to study the influence of methyl jasmonate (MeJ), chitosan (CHT), and a yeast extract (YE) on grape amino acid composition, through foliar applications to grapevines. The must amino acid concentration was analyzed by HPLC. The results showed that CHT and YE treatments decreased the must concentration of several amino acids, affecting total amino acid content (from 2364 to 1961, and 1818mg/L, respectively). However, MeJ treatment had a slight effect on grape amino acid content, increasing the concentration of Met (from 8.95 to 12.13mg/L) and Phe (from 7.96 to 9.29mg/L). It seems to be that, the resistance induction through CHT and YE treatments results in physiological costs to grapevines associated with a decrease on grape amino acid concentration. Consequently, MeJ applications, as a viticultural practice, could be a better tool than CHT and YE treatments, because did not affect grape amino acid concentration.
Display omitted
•First study of the effect of three elicitors application on grape amino acid content•The treatments, except methyl jasmonate (MeJ), decreased must amino acid content.•MeJ treatment increased the grape content of Met and Phe.•Resistance induction by the elicitors, except MeJ, results in physiological costs.
PDF
