Resumo Recorte de uma pesquisa de mestrado, este artigo aborda os processos de militarização das escolas públicas brasileiras até dezembro de 2019. Para isso, apresenta-se um mapeamento indicando as ...respectivas unidades federativas das escolas, suas vinculações administrativas (municipais ou estaduais) e corpo militar responsável pela tutela da unidade após a militarização (polícia militar, corpo de bombeiro militar ou outro arranjo militarizado). Trata-se, portanto, de uma abordagem panorâmica, focada em exposição e análise nacional dos dados. A sistematização dos dados demonstra uma preponderância das escolas militarizadas nas regiões Nordeste, Centro-Oeste e Norte. Constata-se, portanto, que até 2019 se tratava de uma política mais difundida nas localidades mais pobres do país.
Résumé Cet article extrait d’une recherche de maîtrise présente et analyse les processus de militarisation des écoles publiques brésiliennes jusqu’en décembre 2019. Il dresse une cartographie des écoles au sein de leurs respectives unités fédératives, indiquant leurs liens administratifs (municipaux ou des états) et les organes militaires qui les tutellent depuis leur militarisation (police militaire, pompiers militaires ou autre organisation militarisée). Il s’agit d’une approche panoramique, axée sur une présentation et analyse des données à l’échelle nationale. La systématisation des données révèle une prépondérance des écoles militarisées dans le Nord-Est, le Centre-Ouest et le Nord du pays. On constate aussi que, jusqu’en 2019, cette politique était plus répandue dans les endroits les plus pauvres du pays.
Resumen Recorte de una investigación de maestría, este artículo presenta y analiza los procesos de militarización de las escuelas públicas brasileñas hasta diciembre de 2019. Para ello, presenta un mapeo que indica las respectivas unidades federativas de las escuelas, sus vínculos administrativos (municipales o estatales) y los cuerpos militares responsables de la protección de la unidad después de la militarización (policía militar, cuerpo de bomberos militar u otra entidad militarizada). Se trata, por tanto, de un enfoque panorámico, centrado en la exposición y el análisis nacional de los datos. La sistematización de datos demuestra una preponderancia de escuelas militarizadas en las regiones Noreste, Centro Oeste y Norte. Se observa, por tanto, que hasta 2019 era una política más extendida en las localidades más pobres del país.
Abstract As a cross-section of a master’s research project, this article presents and analyzes the militarization processes of Brazilian public schools until December 2019. To this end, it presents a mapping indicating the respective federative units of the schools, their administrative ties (municipal or state), and the military body responsible for guarding the unit after militarization (military police, military firefighter corps, or other militarized arrangement). This is, therefore, a panoramic approach focused on national exposition and analysis of the data. The systematization of the data shows a preponderance of militarized schools in the Northeast, Midwest, and North regions. It is found, therefore, that until 2019 it was a more widespread policy in the poorest localities of the country.
Abstract As a cross-section of a master’s research project, this article presents and analyzes the militarization processes of Brazilian public schools until December 2019. To this end, it presents a ...mapping indicating the respective federative units of the schools, their administrative ties (municipal or state), and the military body responsible for guarding the unit after militarization (military police, military firefighter corps, or other militarized arrangement). This is, therefore, a panoramic approach focused on national exposition and analysis of the data. The systematization of the data shows a preponderance of militarized schools in the Northeast, Midwest, and North regions. It is found, therefore, that until 2019 it was a more widespread policy in the poorest localities of the country.
Résumé Cet article extrait d’une recherche de maîtrise présente et analyse les processus de militarisation des écoles publiques brésiliennes jusqu’en décembre 2019. Il dresse une cartographie des écoles au sein de leurs respectives unités fédératives, indiquant leurs liens administratifs (municipaux ou des états) et les organes militaires qui les tutellent depuis leur militarisation (police militaire, pompiers militaires ou autre organisation militarisée). Il s’agit d’une approche panoramique, axée sur une présentation et analyse des données à l’échelle nationale. La systématisation des données révèle une prépondérance des écoles militarisées dans le Nord-Est, le Centre-Ouest et le Nord du pays. On constate aussi que, jusqu’en 2019, cette politique était plus répandue dans les endroits les plus pauvres du pays.
Resumen Recorte de una investigación de maestría, este artículo presenta y analiza los procesos de militarización de las escuelas públicas brasileñas hasta diciembre de 2019. Para ello, presenta un mapeo que indica las respectivas unidades federativas de las escuelas, sus vínculos administrativos (municipales o estatales) y los cuerpos militares responsables de la protección de la unidad después de la militarización (policía militar, cuerpo de bomberos militar u otra entidad militarizada). Se trata, por tanto, de un enfoque panorámico, centrado en la exposición y el análisis nacional de los datos. La sistematización de datos demuestra una preponderancia de escuelas militarizadas en las regiones Noreste, Centro Oeste y Norte. Se observa, por tanto, que hasta 2019 era una política más extendida en las localidades más pobres del país.
Resumo Recorte de uma pesquisa de mestrado, este artigo aborda os processos de militarização das escolas públicas brasileiras até dezembro de 2019. Para isso, apresenta-se um mapeamento indicando as respectivas unidades federativas das escolas, suas vinculações administrativas (municipais ou estaduais) e corpo militar responsável pela tutela da unidade após a militarização (polícia militar, corpo de bombeiro militar ou outro arranjo militarizado). Trata-se, portanto, de uma abordagem panorâmica, focada em exposição e análise nacional dos dados. A sistematização dos dados demonstra uma preponderância das escolas militarizadas nas regiões Nordeste, Centro-Oeste e Norte. Constata-se, portanto, que até 2019 se tratava de uma política mais difundida nas localidades mais pobres do país.
A previous study for the identification of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors demonstrated that the hybrid between tyrosol, the 1,2,3-triazole nucleus, and the coumarin group, namely ...7-({1-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl}methoxy)-4-methyl-2H-chromen-2-one (10), has a high enzyme inhibitory activity. Here, we synthesized analogues of 10 via triazole with pharmacophoric groups represented by tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and glycine in addition to evaluating the impact of coumarin-linked amino acids on AChE inhibition. We obtained eight triazoles, six of which are undescribed. In general, the presence of carboxylic acid decreased the inhibitory activity, while aromatic amino acids increased enzymatic inhibition compared to glycine. The derivative containing tyrosine, structurally most similar to 10, presented the lowest inhibition percentage, indicating that phenolic hydroxyl is not the preponderant factor for inhibition. Molecular docking was not enough to explain in vitro experiments. On the other hand, MlogP (logP calculated by the Moriguchi method) was related positively to enzymatic inhibition. To increase the hydrophobicity of the molecules, we tested the esterified triazole derivatives comparatively with the enzyme. The compound ethyl 2-(4-(((4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-chromen-7-yl)oxy)methyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)acetate (6) presented an increment of inhibitory activity of 46.97 ± 1.75% at 100 μmol L-1. We also associated the best activity with the lowest van der Waals volume and molar mass values.
With the advancement of the cutting age, there is an increase in the forage yield of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum), but there is also a reduction of the protein levels and digestibility of ...this forage. This study aimed to identify the ideal cutting age of elephant grass forage (BRS Canará cultivar) to chopped hay production. The experimental design was a randomized block, with five treatments (42, 60, 76, 91 and 105 days of growing) and four replicates. Forage agronomical, morphological and chemical characteristics were evaluated. A linear positive effect of the cutting age was observed on plant height, senescent material and yield of the chopped hay. The leaf percentage and leaf:stem ratio were reduced by the advance in the cutting age. There was also a linear positive effect of the cutting ages on indigestible neutral detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein and neutral detergent insoluble protein, with increases of 17.13 %, 16.63 % and 20.66 %, respectively. The contents of ashes, crude protein, total digestible nutrients and net lactation energy were reduced with the advance in the forage age. From 76 days, the ashes contents reached values below 9.29 % and the crude protein below 7.16 %. In the same cutting age, the chopped hay yield was 12.91 t ha-1. To improve the hay quality and production, the BRS Canará cultivar must be harvest between 60 and 76 days, when the plants are with 1.20-1.50 m of height, leaf:stem ratio of 0.55-0.44, crude protein of 8.29-7.16 % and indigestible neutral detergent fiber of 26.21-29.06 %.
The construction of forest roads in Brazilian Amazon is costly and has a significant environmental impact. Several practices and principles must be observed to comply with legislation, to preserve ...the remaining forest, and to ensure sustainable exploitation. Road planning is complex in this context, based on the number of aspects and variables that must be considered. This research aimed to evaluate computational methods' effectiveness in planning forest roads, optimizing resources to reduce damage to the remaining forest, compared to traditional planning methods. The study area was a native forest under a sustainable forest management regime located in municipalities of Terra Santa and Oriximiná, in Pará, in Brazilian Amazon. Data obtained from area made it possible formulate six instances of different sizes. A binary integer linear programming model was used, solved using CPLEX software, and Dijkstra, Bellman-Ford, Dial, and D'Esopo-Pape shortest path algorithm, implemented in C programming language. During processing of instances, the time taken to obtain the solution increased according to size of instance, however, time difference was not significant. Among the evaluated algorithms, the D'Esopo-Pape algorithm showed the best performance. The evaluated methods were effective in obtaining an optimal solution for proposed forest road planning. The solutions obtained using computational methods more effectively considered the restrictions associated with sustainable forest management, in contrast to those derived from the traditional planning by forestry company.
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•Computational methods for planning of forest road layout.•Optimization of the forest road layout considering legal, ecological and spatial restrictions.•The variables considered in road layout model favor the reduction of environmental damage and costs.•The D'Esopo-Pape algorithm was the most efficient among the evaluated methods.
ABSTRACT With the advancement of the cutting age, there is an increase in the forage yield of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum), but there is also a reduction of the protein levels and ...digestibility of this forage. This study aimed to identify the ideal cutting age of elephant grass forage (BRS Canará cultivar) to chopped hay production. The experimental design was a randomized block, with five treatments (42, 60, 76, 91 and 105 days of growing) and four replicates. Forage agronomical, morphological and chemical characteristics were evaluated. A linear positive effect of the cutting age was observed on plant height, senescent material and yield of the chopped hay. The leaf percentage and leaf:stem ratio were reduced by the advance in the cutting age. There was also a linear positive effect of the cutting ages on indigestible neutral detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein and neutral detergent insoluble protein, with increases of 17.13 %, 16.63 % and 20.66 %, respectively. The contents of ashes, crude protein, total digestible nutrients and net lactation energy were reduced with the advance in the forage age. From 76 days, the ashes contents reached values below 9.29 % and the crude protein below 7.16 %. In the same cutting age, the chopped hay yield was 12.91 t ha-1. To improve the hay quality and production, the BRS Canará cultivar must be harvest between 60 and 76 days, when the plants are with 1.20-1.50 m of height, leaf:stem ratio of 0.55-0.44, crude protein of 8.29-7.16 % and indigestible neutral detergent fiber of 26.21-29.06 %.
RESUMO Com o avanço da idade de corte, há aumento na produtividade da forragem de capim-elefante (Pennisetum purpureum), mas, também, redução nos teores de proteína e digestibilidade da forrageira. Objetivou-se determinar a época ideal de corte da forragem em capim-elefante (cultivar BRS Canará), para a produção de feno picado. Utilizou-se delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos (42, 60, 76, 91 e 105 dias de crescimento) e quatro repetições. Foram avaliadas características agronômicas, morfológicas e químicas. Verificou-se efeito linear positivo do momento de colheita sobre a altura da planta, material senescente e produtividade do feno picado. Já a porcentagem de lâminas foliares e a relação folha:colmo reduziram-se, em função da idade de corte. A idade de corte também exerceu efeito linear positivo sobre a fibra em detergente neutro indigestível, fibra em detergente neutro corrigida para cinzas e proteína e proteína insolúvel em detergente neutro, com aumentos de 17,13 %, 16,63 % e 20,66 %, respectivamente. Já os teores de cinzas, proteína bruta, nutrientes digestíveis totais e energia líquida de lactação diminuíram com o avanço da idade da forrageira. A partir de 76 dias, os teores de cinzas atingiram valores abaixo de 9,29 % e a proteína bruta abaixo de 7,16 %. Nesta idade de corte, a produtividade de feno foi de 12,91 t ha-1. Para melhorar a qualidade e a produção de feno, a cultivar BRS Canará deve ser cortada entre 60 e 76 dias, quando as plantas estão com 1,20-1,50 m de altura, relação folha:colmo de 0,55-0,44, proteína bruta de 8,29-7,16 % e fibra em detergente neutro indigestível de 26,21-29,06 %.
Nowadays is emergent the development of new materials which can be used in the adsorption process to remove herbicide glyphosate from the aquatic environment. Therefore, density functional theory ...(DFT) calculations were performed to study the adsorption process of the glyphosate on the B12N12 nanocage in aqueous media. The optimized structures of adsorbed glyphosate do not affect the nanocage structure indicating its structural stability. The chemisorption of this herbicide is an exothermic process with −43.89 kcal.mol-1. The most stable complex displayed an adsorption energy and ∆G values of −53.97 and −40.79 kcal.mol-1, respectively. The HOMO (highest occupied molecular orbital) and LUMO (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) energies are located in the glyphosate implying that this herbicide can be removed by chemical reaction. Our results show that the B12N12 nanocluster can be a suitable new nanomaterial to remove the glyphosate from wastewater.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17807/orbital.v9i3.991
Nowadays is emergent the development of new materials which can be used in the adsorption process to remove herbicide glyphosate from the aquatic environment. Therefore, density functional theory ...(DFT) calculations were performed to study the adsorption process of the glyphosate on the B.sub.12N.sub.12 nanocage in aqueous media. The optimized structures of adsorbed glyphosate do not affect the nanocage structure indicating its structural stability. The chemisorption of this herbicide is an exothermic process with -43.89 kcal x mol.sup.-1. The most stable complex displayed an adsorption energy and AG values of -53.97 and -40.79 kcal x mol.sup.-1, respectively. The HOMO (highest occupied molecular orbital) and LUMO (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) energies are located in the glyphosate implying that this herbicide can be removed by chemical reaction. Our results show that the B.sub.12N.sub.12 nanocluster can be a suitable new nanomaterial to remove the glyphosate from wastewater. Keywords: glyphosate@B.sub.12N.sub.12 complex; adsorption process; thermodynamic properties; DFT
Nowadays is emergent the development of new materials which can be used in the adsorption process to remove herbicide glyphosate from the aquatic environment. Therefore, density functional theory ...(DFT) calculations were performed to study the adsorption process of the glyphosate on the B12N12 nanocage in aqueous media. The optimized structures of adsorbed glyphosate do not affect the nanocage structure indicating its structural stability. The chemisorption of this herbicide is an exothermic process with −43.89 kcal.mol-1. The most stable complex displayed an adsorption energy and ∆G values of −53.97 and −40.79 kcal.mol-1, respectively. The HOMO (highest occupied molecular orbital) and LUMO (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) energies are located in the glyphosate implying that this herbicide can be removed by chemical reaction. Our results show that the B12N12 nanocluster can be a suitable new nanomaterial to remove the glyphosate from wastewater. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17807/orbital.v9i3.991
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