Carboxylations are an important method for the incorporation of isotopically labeled 14CO2 into molecules. This manuscript will review labeled carboxylations since 2010 and will present a perspective ...on the potential of recent unlabeled methodology for labeled carboxylations. The perspective portion of the manuscript is broken into 3 major sections based on product type, arylcarboxylic acids, benzylcarboxylic acids, and alkyl carboxylic acids, and each of those sections is further subdivided by substrate.
This manuscript will review C‐14 labeled carboxylations since 2010 and will present a perspective on the potential of recent unlabeled methodology for labeled carboxylations.
Crizotinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor approved for the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer, but it is inefficient on brain metastases. Crizotinib is a substrate of the P-glycoprotein, and ...non-invasive nuclear imaging can be used to assess the brain penetration of crizotinib. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging using fluorine-18-labeled crizotinib would be a powerful tool for investigating new strategies to enhance the brain distribution of crizotinib. We have synthesized a spirocyclic hypervalent iodine precursor for the isotopic labeling of crizotinib in a 2.4% yield. Because crizotinib is an enantiomerically pure drug, a chiral separation was performed to afford the
-precursor. A two-step radiolabeling process was optimized and automated using the racemic precursor to afford
F
-crizotinib in 15 ± 2 radiochemical yield and 103 ± 18 GBq/µmol molar activity. The same radiolabeling process was applied to the
-precursor to afford
F
-crizotinib with comparable results. As a proof-of-concept, PET was realized in a single non-human primate to demonstrate the feasibility of
F
-crizotinib in in vivo imaging. Whole-body PET highlighted the elimination routes of crizotinib with negligible penetration in the brain (SUVmean = 0.1). This proof-of-concept paves the way for further studies using
F
-crizotinib to enhance its brain penetration depending on the P-glycoprotein function.
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•Quantification of analytes in MAS DNP NMR using an internal standard is demonstrated.•Multiple CP provides more robust quantification compared to CP and variable contact time CP.•The ...method is illustrated in a series of different preparations.•Errors in quantification using multiple CP are below 10%.
Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) allows to dramatically enhance the sensitivity of magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR). DNP experiments usually rely on the detection of low-γ nuclei hyperpolarized from 1H with the use of cross polarization (CP), which assures more efficient signal enhancement. However, CP is usually not quantitative. Here we determine the quantification performance of three different approaches used in MAS NMR, (conventional CP, variable contact time CP, and multiple-contact CP) under DNP conditions, and we show that absolute quantification in MAS DNP NMR is possible, with errors below 10%.
A visible-light-mediated late-stage aminocarbonylation of unactivated alkyl iodides with stoichiometric amounts of carbon monoxide is presented. The method provides a mild, one-step route to ...carbonyl-13/14C alkyl amides, thereby reducing radioactive waste, and handling of radioactive materials. Easily accessible and low-cost equipment and a palladium catalyst were successfully used for the synthesis of a wide range of alkyl amides.
In recent years, coupling reactions mediated by visible light have been widely studied because such reactions can often be run at significantly lower temperatures. In this work, aryl iodides were ...coupled with amines at ambient temperature in the presence of stoichiometric amounts of carbon monoxide using visible‐light irradiation and palladium catalysis. A wide range of aryl substrates, both electron‐deficient and rich, as well as heterocycles, were carbonylated to provide the corresponding amides in moderate to good yields based on CO. In addition, the generality of the amine was investigated, and primary and secondary amines yielded the desired products in moderate to good yields. This methodology was also successfully applied to the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and the incorporation of a carbon‐14 label into the carbonyl group, where the use of 9‐methyl‐fluorene‐9‐carbonyl chloride (COgen) as the carbon isotope‐labeled CO source allowed easy translation between the unlabeled and the labeled transformations.
Herein, a robust method for the isotopic labeling of amides, mediated by visible‐light irradiation and palladium catalysis, at room temperature is reported. A broad substrate scope including various (hetero)aryl iodides, primary and secondary amines, and carbon‐14 labeled pharmaceuticals for the carbonylation with stochiometric amounts of (labeled) CO is presented.
Evasion of apoptosis is critical for the development and growth of tumors. The pro-survival protein myeloid cell leukemia 1 (Mcl-1) is an antiapoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family, associated with ...tumor aggressiveness, poor survival, and drug resistance. Development of Mcl-1 inhibitors implies blocking of protein–protein interactions, generally requiring a lengthy optimization process of large, complex molecules. Herein, we describe the use of DNA-encoded chemical library synthesis and screening to directly generate complex, yet conformationally privileged macrocyclic hits that serve as Mcl-1 inhibitors. By applying a conceptual combination of conformational analysis and structure-based design in combination with a robust synthetic platform allowing rapid analoging, we optimized in vitro potency of a lead series into the low nanomolar regime. Additionally, we demonstrate fine-tuning of the physicochemical properties of the macrocyclic compounds, resulting in the identification of lead candidates 57/59 with a balanced profile, which are suitable for future development toward therapeutic use.
Cyclopropanes are commonly employed structural moieties in drug design since their incorporation is often associated with increased target affinity, improved metabolic stability, and increased ...rigidity to access bioactive conformations. Robust chemical cyclopropanation procedures have been developed which proceed with high yield and broad substrate scope, and have been applied to labeled substrates. Recently, engineered enzymes have been shown to perform cyclopropanations with remarkable diastereoselectivity and enantioselectivity, but this biocatalytic approach has not been applied to labeled substrates to date. In this study, the use of enzyme catalysis for the synthesis of labeled cyclopropanes was investigated. Two readily available enzymes, a modified CYP450 enzyme and a modified Aeropyrum pernix protoglobin, were investigated for the cyclopropanation of a variety of substituted styrenes. For this biocatalytic transformation, the enzymes required the use of ethyl diazoacetate. Due to the highly energetic nature of this molecule, alternatives were investigated. The final optimized cyclopropanation was successfully demonstrated using n‐hexyl diazoacetate, resulting in moderate to high enantiomeric excess. The optimized procedure was used to generate labeled cyclopropanes from 13C‐glycine, forming all four labeled stereoisomers of phosphodiesterase type‐IV inhibitor, MK0952. These reactions provide a convenient and effective biocatalytic route to stereoselective 13C‐labeled cyclopropanes and serve as a proof‐of‐concept for generating stereoselective labeled cyclopropanes.
Cyclopropanes are commonly employed structural moieties in drug design. In this study, the use of enzyme‐catalysis for the synthesis of labeled cyclopropanes was investigated. Two readily available (modified) enzymes were studied for the cyclopropanation of substituted styrenes with ethyl diazoacetate. This diazoacetate is highly energetic; therefore, alternatives were investigated. The final optimized cyclopropanation was successfully demonstrated using n‐hexyl diazoacetate and used to synthesize stereoselective 13C‐labeled cyclopropanes. This optimized procedure serves as a proof‐of‐concept for generating stereoselective‐labeled cyclopropanes.
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