This article summarises the activities of the Bacterial Viruses Subcommittee of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses for the period of March 2021−March 2022. We provide an overview of ...the new taxa proposed in 2021, approved by the Executive Committee, and ratified by vote in 2022. Significant changes to the taxonomy of bacterial viruses were introduced: the paraphyletic morphological families
Podoviridae
,
Siphoviridae
, and
Myoviridae
as well as the order
Caudovirales
were abolished, and a binomial system of nomenclature for species was established. In addition, one order, 22 families, 30 subfamilies, 321 genera, and 862 species were newly created, promoted, or moved.
This article is a summary of the activities of the ICTV’s Bacterial and Archaeal Viruses Subcommittee for the years 2018 and 2019. Highlights include the creation of a new order, 10 families, 22 ...subfamilies, 424 genera and 964 species. Some of our concerns about the ICTV’s ability to adjust to and incorporate new DNA- and protein-based taxonomic tools are discussed.
Stabilizing biomolecules under ambient conditions can be extremely beneficial for various biological applications. In this context, the utilization of ionic liquids (ILs) in enhancing the stability ...and preservation of nucleic acids in aqueous solutions is found to be promising. While the role of the cationic moiety of ILs in the said event has been thoroughly explored, the importance of the anionic moiety in ILs, if any, is rather poorly understood. Herein, we examine the function of anions of ILs in nucleic acid stabilization by examining the stability and structure of calf thymus-DNA (
-DNA) in the presence of various ILs composed of a common 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium cations (Emim
) and different anions, which includes Cl
, Br
,
,
and
by employing various spectroscopic techniques as well as Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation studies. Analysis of our data suggests that the chemical nature of anions including polarity, basicity, and hydrophilicity become an important factor in the overall DNA-IL interaction event. At lower concentrations, the interplay of intermolecular interaction between the IL anions with their respective cations and the solvent molecules becomes a very crucial factor in inducing their stabilizing effect on
-DNA. However, at higher concentrations of ILs, the
DNA stabilization is additionally governed by specific-ion effect. MD simulation studies have also provided valuable insights into molecular-level understanding of the DNA-IL interaction event. Overall, the present study clearly demonstrated that along with the cationic moiety of ILs, the anions of ILs can play a significant role in deciding the stability of duplex DNA in aqueous solution. The findings of this study are expected to enhance our knowledge on understanding of IL-DNA interactions in a better manner and will be helpful in designing optimized IL systems for nucleic acid based applications.
Constrained molecular dynamics simulations have been performed to investigate the structure and thermodynamics of Na+–Cl– ion-pair association in water–methanol mixtures under supercritical and ...ambient conditions in dilute solutions. From the computed potentials of mean force (PMFs) we find that contact ion pairs (CIPs) are more stable than all other associated states of the ion pairs in both ambient and supercritical conditions. Stabilities of CIPs increase with increase in the mole fraction of methanol. In supercritical conditions, major changes in PMFs occur as we go from x methanol = 0.00 to x methanol = 0.50. The stable solvent shared ion pair (SShIP) which occurs in x methanol = 0.00 and 0.25, vanishes when x methanol is 0.50 or greater. The stabilities of these ion pairs increase with increasing temperature. Local structures around the ions are studied using the radial distribution functions, density profiles, angular distribution functions, running coordination numbers and excess coordination numbers. Preferential solvation analysis shows that both Na+ and Cl– ions are preferentially solvated by water. From the calculation of enthalpies and entropies, we find that Na+–Cl– ion-pair association in water–methanol binary mixtures is endothermic and driven by entropy both in ambient as well as under supercritical conditions.
In this article, we – the Bacterial Viruses Subcommittee and the Archaeal Viruses Subcommittee of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) – summarise the results of our activities ...for the period March 2020 – March 2021. We report the division of the former Bacterial and Archaeal Viruses Subcommittee in two separate Subcommittees, welcome new members, a new Subcommittee Chair and Vice Chair, and give an overview of the new taxa that were proposed in 2020, approved by the Executive Committee and ratified by vote in 2021. In particular, a new realm, three orders, 15 families, 31 subfamilies, 734 genera and 1845 species were newly created or redefined (moved/promoted).
Aims: To conduct a prospective, community based study in an impoverished urban site in Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) in order to measure the burden of cholera, describe its epidemiology, and search for ...potential risk factors that could be addressed by public health strategies. Methods: The study population was enumerated at the beginning and end of the study period. Surveillance through five field outposts and two referral hospitals for acute, watery, non-bloody diarrhoea was conducted from 1 May 2003 to 30 April 2004. Data and a stool sample for culture of Vibrio cholerae were collected from each patient. Treatment was provided in accordance with national guidelines. Results: From 62 329 individuals under surveillance, 3284 diarrhoea episodes were detected, of which 3276 (99%) had a stool sample collected and 126 (4%) were culture confirmed cholera. Nineteen (15%) were children less than 2 years of age, 29 (23%) had severe dehydration, and 48 (38%) were hospitalised. Risk factors for cholera included a household member with cholera during the period of surveillance, young age, and lower educational level. Conclusions: There was a substantial burden of cholera in Kolkata with risk factors not easily amenable to intervention. Young children bear the brunt not only of diarrhoeal diseases in general, but of cholera as well. Mass vaccination could be a potentially useful tool to prevent and control seasonal cholera in this community.
Introduction
Oral cancer is one of the most common cancers and it constitutes a major health problem particularly in developing countries. It is one of the leading causes of death. Tobacco and ...alcohol consumption appears to be the major determinants of oral cancer.
Materials and methods
The literature search was carried out in NCBI Pubmed database using keywords “oral cancer”, “risk factor”, “epidemiology” and “patho*”. Some basic information was also obtained from textbook and medical university websites.
Results
Several risk factors have been well characterized to be associated with oral cancer with substantial evidences. The development of oral cancer is a multistep process involving the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations in key regulatory genes. Experimental pathological studies of oral cancer in animal models and direct molecular genetic analysis of oral cancer subjects in recent times have revealed a substantial amount of knowledge on specific gene alterations or other genetic mechanisms involved in initiation and subsequent progression.
Conclusion
Considering known risk factors, oral cancer appears to be to a certain extent, a preventable disease. Recent development of molecular picture of pathoprogression and molecular genetic tools opens the avenue for easier diagnosis, better prognostication and efficient therapeutic management.
A total of 45 strains of Vibrio cholerae O1 isolated from 10 different places in India where they were associated with cases of cholera between the years 2007 and 2008 were examined by molecular ...methods. With the help of phenotypic and genotypic tests the strains were confirmed to be O1 El Tor biotype strains with classical ctxB gene. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis by double – mismatch amplification mutation assay PCR showed 16 of these strains carried the ctxB-7 allele reported in Haitian strains. Sequencing of the ctxB gene in all the 45 strains revealed that in 16 strains the histidine at the 20th amino acid position had been replaced by asparagine and this single nucleotide polymorphism did not affect cholera toxin production as revealed by beads enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. This study shows that the new ctxB gene sequence was circulating in different places in India. Seven representatives of these 45 strains analysed by pulsed – field gel electrophoresis showed four distinct Not I digested profiles showing that multiple clones were causing cholera in 2007 and 2008.
How endemic is cholera in India? Sarkar, B L; Kanungo, S; Nair, G B
Indian journal of medical research (New Delhi, India : 1994),
02/2012, Letnik:
135, Številka:
2
Journal Article
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