Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been used extensively to study neuroinflammation, but usually its effects were examined acutely (24h<). We have shown previously that a single intraperitoneal LPS ...injection activated satellite glial cells (SGCs) in mouse dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and altered several functional parameters in these cells for at least one week. Here we asked whether the LPS effects would persist for 1 month. We injected mice with a single LPS dose and tested pain behavior, assessed SGCs activation in DRG using glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunostaining, and injected a fluorescent dye intracellularly to study intercellular coupling. Electron microscopy was used to quantitate changes in gap junctions. We found that at 30 days post-LPS the threshold to mechanical stimulation was lower than in controls. GFAP expression, as well as the magnitude of dye coupling among SGCs were greater than in controls. Electron microscopy analysis supported these results, showing a greater number of gap junctions and an abnormal growth of SGC processes. These changes were significant, but less prominent than at 7 days post-LPS. We conclude that a single LPS injection exerts long-term behavioral and cellular changes. The results are consistent with the idea that SGC activation contributes to hyperalgesia.
•A single lipopolysaccharides injection activated glia in mouse dorsal root ganglia for 30 days.•This was accompanied by increased communications by gap junctions among glia and by hyperalgesia.•Glial activation and coupling may contribute to chronic pain.
Measuring the variability of incoming neutrons locally would be usefull for the cosmic‐ray neutron sensing (CRNS) method. As the measurement of high energy neutrons is not so easy, alternative ...particles can be considered for such purpose. Among them, muons are particles created from the same cascade of primary cosmic‐ray fluxes that generate neutrons at the ground. In addition, they can be easily detected by small and relatively inexpensive detectors. For these reasons they could provide a suitable local alternative to incoming corrections based on remote neutron monitor data. The reported measurements demonstrated that muon detection system can detect incoming cosmic‐ray variations locally. Furthermore the precision of this measurement technique is considered adequate for many CRNS applications.
Plain Language Summary
The measurement of the variability of the incident neutron flux is of fundamental importance for the cosmic‐ray neutron sensing technique. This type of measurement is not easy to use to have local and instantaneous values. For this reason in this work it is reported how this type of information can be obtained through the measurement of the flux of cosmic muons, which are correlated with the flux of cosmic neutrons. This type of measurement, being easier to perform, allows you to have a local and real time value in a very simple way.
Key Points
Incoming correction in cosmic‐ray neutron sensing observations based on local muon measurements at ground
The effects of graded levels of dietary copper supplementation on the growth, hematological profile, ceruloplasmin activity, and resistance to high temperature stress of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis ...niloticus) were analyzed. A total of 240 fish (8.05±0.45g) were randomly distributed in 30 tanks (250L) and fed six diets containing graded levels of Cu2SO4·5H2O (0.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, 1000 and 1500mgCu·kg−1 diet) for 120days. Growth performance as well as hematological, biochemical and histopathological parameters in the liver were analyzed. After the feeding period, the fish were subjected to heat/dissolved oxygen-induced stress (32°C/2.3mg·L−1) for three days, when the same hematological and biochemical parameters were evaluated. The toxicity of dietary copper supplementation impaired the growth performance (P<0.05) of fish fed 1000mgCu·kg−1 and 1500mgCu·kg−1 and influenced the hematological profile after the feeding period (P<0.05). The ceruloplasmin enzyme exhibited higher activity after heat stress. Histopathological changes in the fish liver were observed in all of the treatments, regardless of the dietary copper supplementation. Fish fed diets without copper supplementation showed the lowest value of iron in the liver, which differed significantly (P<0.05) from the levels in fish fed the highest copper supplementations. The highest levels of copper supplementation resulted in the highest values of copper concentration in the liver, whereas supplementation with 0–8mgcopper/kg diet did not change the copper concentrations in the liver. Therefore, considering the fish growth, health, ceruloplasmin activity and liver histopathology, it can be concluded that levels of available copper close to the required amount were sufficient to ensure the growth and health of Nile tilapia, even under the stress condition, whereas an excess of this mineral in the diet impaired the growth and health of this species.
Copper is an essential micro mineral, and its requirement has been established for some fish species. However, there is a lack of information on the effects of dietary copper supplementation on fish subjected to stress. Therefore, it is important to understand how fish fed graded levels of copper respond under stress that is usual in fish farms. Thus, economic losses can be avoided.
•The toxicity of dietary copper supplementation impairs the growth performance of Nile tilapia.•The toxicity of dietary copper supplementation influences the hematological profile of Nile tilapia.•Heat stress increases the activity of ceruloplasmin enzyme.•Absence of dietary copper decreases the concentration of iron in the liver of Nile tilapia.
Quality of Soybean Seeds after Microwave Drying Faria, Rute Quelvia de; Santos, Amanda R. P. dos; Vasco, Lainara C. P. dos Santos ...
Applied sciences,
07/2023, Letnik:
13, Številka:
14
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The use of electromagnetic energy for drying seeds has been shown to be a promising alternative. However, studies show that the technique still lacks careful evaluation due to the sensitivity of ...soybean seeds to damage caused using microwaves. Studies have shown that the use of microwaves during drying can be safe in seeds of soybeans, corn, and beans, among others. These studies recognize that drying using microwaves has a great potential for savings in the drying process, as it considerably reduces the drying time. This work aimed to evaluate the immediate damage caused in soybean seeds subjected to drying at temperatures of 40, 50, and 60 °C, with power of 0, 0.5, and 1 W/g at a frequency of 2.45 GHz. The results of the vigor and germination tests showed that the action of microwaves on seeds was not only safe and more efficient but also brought about increases in seed germination and vigor. However, the process must be judicious and obey precise indices of power and temperature to not cause damage to the seeds.
This study evaluated the quality of heartwood and sapwood from mature trees of three species of Eucalyptus, by means of the qualification of their proportion, determination of basic and apparent ...density using non-destructive attenuation of gamma radiation technique and calculation of the density uniformity index. Six trees of each species (Eucalyptus grandis - 18 years old, Eucalyptus tereticornis - 35 years old and Corymbia citriodora - 28 years old) were used in the experimental program. The heartwood and sapwood were delimited by macroscopic analysis and the calculation of areas and percentage of heartwood and sapwood were performed using digital image. The uniformity index was calculated following methodology which numerically quantifies the dispersion of punctual density values of the wood around the mean density along the radius. The percentage of the heartwood was higher than the sapwood in all species studied. The density results showed no statistical difference between heartwood and sapwood. Differently from the density results, in all species studied there was statistical differences between uniformity indexes for heartwood and sapwood regions, making justifiable the inclusion of the density uniformity index as a quality parameter for Eucalyptus wood.
Phosphorus (P) is an essential mineral for the development and maintenance of the vertebrate skeletal system. Modulation of P levels is believed to influence metabolism and the physiological ...responses of gene expression. In this study, we investigated the influence of dietary P on skeletal deformities and osteocalcin gene expression in zebrafish (
), and sought to determine appropriate levels in a diet. We analyzed a total of 450 zebrafish within 31 days of hatching. Animals were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design that consisted of five replications. After an eight-week experiment, fish were diaphanized to evaluate cranial and spinal bone deformities. Increases in dietary phosphorus were inversely proportional to the occurrence of partial spine fusions, the absence of spine fusions, absence of parallelism between spines, intervertebral spacing, vertebral compression, scoliosis, lordosis, ankylosis, fin caudal insertion, and craniofacial deformities. Additionally, osteocalcin expression was inversely correlated to P levels, suggesting a physiological recovery response for bone mineralization deficiency. Our data showed that dietary P concentration was a critical factor in the occurrence of zebrafish skeletal abnormalities. We concluded that 1.55% P in the diet significantly reduces the appearance of skeletal deformities and favors adequate bone mineralization through the adjustment of osteocalcin expression.
Microwaves have been applied to the drying of seeds of several species due to their maintenance of the quality of the seeds and reduction of time and costs. However, few is known about the effect of ...microwaves on the increase of the physiological quality of soybean seeds and especially their effects on longevity. Therefore, the use of microwaves as magneto-priming in soybean seeds was the object of study in this work. For this purpose, two soybean cultivars were selected and submitted to the ultra-high frequency (UHF) microwave exposure of 2.45 GHz, in the wavelength of 11 cm, and power of 0.2 W/g, for 15 min. The results showed that this condition of exposure to the microwave brought benefits in both cultivars after treatment. Incremental improvements were observed in the germinability indexes, the seedling length, the water absorption by the seeds, the fresh mass, dry mass, and longevity. The genes related to seed germination and longevity showed superior expression (HSFA3, HSP21, HSP17.6b, EXP, ABI3) with magneto-priming treatment. The data found ensure the use of the technique as a viable option for pre-treatment as magneto-priming in soybean seeds in order to improve seed quality.
The objective of this study was to determine predictor models of leaf area of cassava from linear leaf measurements. The experiment was carried out in greenhouse in the municipality of Botucatu, ...São Paulo state, Brazil. The stem cuttings with 5-7 nodes of the cultivar IAC 576-70 were planted in boxes filled with about 320 liters of soil, keeping soil moisture at field capacity, monitored by puncturing tensiometers. At 80 days after planting, 140 leaves were randomly collected from the top, middle third and base of cassava plants. We evaluated the length and width of the central lobe of leaves, number of lobes and leaf area. The measurements of leaf areas were correlated with the length and width of the central lobe and the number of lobes of the leaves, and adjusted to polynomial and multiple regression models. The linear function that used the length of the central lobe LA = -69.91114 + 15.06462L and linear multiple functions LA = -69.9188 + 15.5102L + 0.0197726K - 0.0768998J or LA = -69.9346 + 15.0106L + 0.188931K - 0.0264323H are suitable models to estimate leaf area of cassava cultivar IAC 576-70.
Summary
A variety of fungal pulmonary infections can produce radiologic findings that mimic lung cancers. Distinguishing these infectious lesions from lung cancer remains challenging for radiologists ...and clinicians. In such cases, radiographic findings and clinical manifestations can be highly suggestive of lung cancer, and misdiagnosis can significantly delay the initiation of appropriate treatment. Likewise, the findings of imaging studies cannot replace the detection of a species as the aetiological agent. A biopsy is usually required to diagnose the infectious nature of the lesions. In this article, we review the clinical, histologic and radiologic features of the most common fungal infections that can mimic primary lung cancers, including paracoccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, coccidioidomycosis, aspergillosis, mucormycosis and blastomycosis.
The bending of cilia and flagella is driven by forces generated by dynein motor proteins. These forces slide adjacent microtubule doublets within the axoneme, the motile cytoskeletal structure. To ...create regular, oscillatory beating patterns, the activities of the axonemal dyneins must be coordinated both spatially and temporally. It is thought that coordination is mediated by stresses or strains, which build up within the moving axoneme, and somehow regulate dynein activity. During experimentation with axonemes subjected to mild proteolysis, we observed pairs of doublets associating with each other and forming bends with almost constant curvature. By modeling the statics of a pair of filaments, we show that the activity of the motors concentrates at the distal tips of the doublets. Furthermore, we show that this distribution of motor activity accords with models in which curvature, or curvature-induced normal forces, regulates the activity of the motors. These observations, together with our theoretical analysis, provide evidence that dynein activity can be regulated by curvature or normal forces, which may, therefore, play a role in coordinating the beating of cilia and flagella.
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