Background
Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a widespread tick‐borne zoonosis with reported detection of virus and/or virus‐specific antibodies from over 57 countries across Africa, Asia, ...Europe and the Middle East and is endemic in the Balkans. Detection of Crimean–Congo Haemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV) antibodies in domestic ruminants has been important in providing initial evidence of virus circulation and in localising CCHFV high‐risk spots for human infection.
Objectives
The present study investigated the possible exposure of sheep to CCHFV in Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H).
Methods
To investigate the presence of anti‐CCHFV antibodies in sheep, all sera (n = 176) were tested using multi‐species double antigen enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Reactive sera were further complementary tested by adapted commercial indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) using FITC‐conjugated protein G instead of anti‐human immunoglobulins.
Results
CCHFV specific antibodies were detected in 17 (9.66%) animals using ELISA test. All negative sera were determined as negative by both tests, while 13 out of 17 ELISA‐positive reactors were also determined as unambiguously positive by IFA test. The age group with the highest proportion of seropositive rectors were the oldest animals.
Conclusions
This is the first report of anti‐CCHFV antibodies in sheep from B&H providing the evidence of CCHFV circulation in the country's sheep population. So far, these findings indicate the circulation of the virus in the westernmost region of the Balkans and point to the potential CCHFV spread further out of this endemic area.
Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV) infection is endemic in Balkans. A serological survey of 176 sheep was conducted to investigate the circulation to CCHFV in Bosnia and Herzegovina. CCHFV specific antibodies were detected in 17 (9.66%) animals providing the early evidence of CCHFV circulation in the country's sheep population.
SEVERIN, K, P. DZAJA, M. SPERANDA, M. DIDARA, D. KONJEVIC, E. SATROVIC, K STARCEVIC: Estimation of red deer (Cervus elaphus) post mortal interval based on the biochemical parameters of vitreous fluid ...using linear regression analyses. Vet. arhiv 88, 511-519, 2018. Vitreous fluid is a stable biological fluid, which is well-protected from contamination and post mortem degradation, which makes it suitable in forensic pathology for determination of the post mortem interval (PMI). The present study was conducted to discover the correlation between increasing PMI and levels of various vitreous biochemical parameters (sodium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, potassium, phosphor, AST, urea, creatinine, total protein, glucose, total cholesterol). The estimation of PMI in red deer is of great interest in cases of illegal hunting. The vitreous humour samples were collected from six red deer carcasses. The eyes were enucleated, covered by parafilm and aluminium foil, packed in a small container and maintained at +4 degreesC. Sampling of vitreous fluid was done again at 8, 10 and then regularly each 10 hours until finally 90 hours after death. A significant linear correlation was found for potassium, sodium and chloride (P<0.0001). The present study revealed that biochemical analysis of vitreous fluid could be used to determine post mortem interval in red deer. Key words: vitreous fluid; potassium; sodium; chloride; red deer
Determining the levels of biogenic amines in cheese except that it has significance for determining the nutritional value and hygienic accuracy, cheese as food can be used as a parameter to evaluate ...the conditions of production and/or ripening of products, and particularly in the selection of bacterial cultures. The purpose of this paper was to determine the effect of the ripening process on the amount of biogenic amines in cheese. For this purpose were conducted physico-chemical analysis, determination of biogenic amines and microbiological analysis. During the process of ripening Livno cheese from three different batches was taken one cheese from prime day and 9th, 20th, 29th, 50th, 60th and 105th day. From each cheese two samples were taken, one from the middle and one from the cheese rind. During 105th day of ripening Livno cheese, the presence of triptamin, ß-feniletlamine, putrescine, cadaverine, histamine, tyramine, spermine and spermidine were determinated. The maximum total values of searched biogenic amines were found 105th day, in the middle 184.13 mg/kg and 76.26 mg/kg in the rind of cheese. With an indication that the largest share of value rep¬resent histamine with 43.9 % and tyramine with 38.2 % in the middle, respectively histamine with 31.6 % and tyramine with 31.5 % in the rind of cheese. The values of putrescine and spermine were in small ranges and they are not identified in all samples. The values of histamine and tyramine are almost a third more at 105th than 60th day. There was a significant difference between the middle and the rind of cheese in the values of biogenic amines. Correlation between biogenic amines and microorganisms has not been determined.
Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus is a tick-borne zoonotic agent of the genus Orthonairovirus, and the causal agent of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in humans. The study is aimed at ...investigating the presence of CCHFV RNA in ticks and cattle in Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H), as well as the exposure of cattle to CCHFV in this country. Only one pool of three male Hyalomma marginatum ticks tested positive for viral RNA (3/760, 0.39%). No viral RNA was detected in 206 bovine blood samples using real-time reverse-transcriptase PCR (RT-qPCR). The overall seroprevalence of CCHFV in the cattle population was estimated as 14.97% (72/481). The results indicate the presence and the established circulation of CCHFV in B&H. Considering the endemic character of CCHFV in the Balkans as well as our results, the possibility that CCHFV is endemic in the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina is considered to be very high.
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of test mixture or probiotic addition to drinking water on the growth performance of broiler chickens. A total of 240 one-day-old Cobb 500 ...chickens were distributed into three groups with eight replicates in each (10 chickens in each replicate). The control group of chickens (C) were without treatment. The chickens in experimental group E1 were treated with the commercial probiotic ProbiosR and the chickens in experimental group E2 were treated with the test mixture (Lactobacillus acidophilus culture, inactivated baker's yeast, C vitamin, lactose and glucose) prepared using the authors' own recipe. Treatments of chickens were conducted during the first three days of life and for three days using the chickens' vaccination drinking water. The experiment lasted for 42 days. Feed and water were offered ad libitum during the experiment. Body weight, daily feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), carcass weight, carcass yield and European production index (EPI) were studied in this experiment. The addition of the experimental probiotic significantly increased (P<0.05) body weight gain at 21, 35 and 42 days of age, however, the probiotic ProbiosR improved body weight gain over the same period without any significant difference compared to the control group. FCR was significantly improved at 21 and 35 days of age in both E1 and E2 groups, but at the end of fattening the FCR was not affected. Feed consumption was not influenced by the treatments. The results obtained indicate that carcass weight significantly increased (P<0.05) in the groups of chickens treated by the test mixture or probiotic. It was concluded that addition of test mixture or probiotic improved body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, carcass weight and EPI. Key words: broiler chickens; test mixture; probiotic; growth performance; carcass Cilj istraivanja bio je analizirati ucinke dodatka testne mjeavine ili probiotika u vodi za pice na proizvodna svojstva brojlerskih pilica. Ukupno 240 jednodnevnih pilica Cobb 500 podijeljeno je u tri skupine, i to po osam ponavljanja u svakoj skupini (10 pilica u svakom ponavljanju). Kontrolna skupina pilica (K) bila je bez tretmana. Pilici u pokusnoj skupini El tretirani su komercijalnim probiotikom ProbiosR, a pilici u pokusnoj skupini E2 testnom mjeavinom (kultura Lactobacillus acidophilus, inaktivirani pekarski kvasac, vitamin C, laktoza i glukoza) pripremljenom prema vlastitoj recepturi. Tretman pilica provodio se prva tri dana ivota i trodnevno, pri cijepljenju pilica, u vodi za pice. Pokus je trajao 42 dana. Tijekom pokusnog razdoblja pilici su dobivali hranu i vodu ad libitum. Analizirani su tjelesna masa, konzumacija hrane, prirast tjelesne mase, konverzija hrane, masa trupa, randman mesa i proizvodni indeks (European Production Index, EPI). Dodavanjem testne mjeavine znakovito je povecana tjelesna masa pilica u dobi od 21, 35 i 42 dana(P < 0,05). U istom je razdoblju dodatkom probiotika ProbiosR tjelesna masa pilica neznakovito poboljana u usporedbi s kontrolnom skupinom. Konverzija hrane znakovito je poboljana u dobi od 21 i 35 dana u skupinama El i E2, ali bez ucinka tretmana na kraju tova. Probiotski tretman nije utjecao na konzumaciju hrane. Pilici tretirani testnom mjeavinom ili probiotikom ostvarili su znakovito vecu masu trupa na kraju tova. Dobiveni rezultati pokazuju da dodatak testne mjeavine ili probiotika poboljava prirast tjelesne mase, konverziju hrane, masu trupa i proizvodni indeks (EPI). Kljucne rijeci: brojlerski pilici; testna mjeavina; probiotik; proizvodni pokazatelji; trup
An epidemiological study was carried out to determine the seroprevalence of Chlamydia abortus (C. abortus) in sheep in Bosnia and Herzegovina. This was the first systematic study of this kind carried ...out in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Samples were collected during 2012 and 19 sheep flocks, located in the different parts of the country and with a recorded history of reproductive failures (abortion, stillbirths and infertility) were involved. A representative sample from each flock was taken by a simple random sampling allowing the detection of seropositive animals within a flock with 95% confidence, with expected prevalence rates of 20%, using the recommendations for determining the required necessary sample size to detect the presence of disease. In total 178 sheep blood sera were tested for the specific antibodies against C. abortus, with the use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (CHEKIT* Chlamydophila abortus Antibody Test Kit). The results showed that 77 (43.3%) out of 178 ovine sera were seropositive for C. abortus infection, as indicated by the manufacturer's interpretation of the results. The flock was considered to be positive if at least one animal was seropositive. The flock prevalence of C. abortus in the examined flocks was 84.2% (16/19 flocks). The results of the present study indicate that C. abortus infection occurs frequently in sheep in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Key words: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Chlamydia abortus, seroprevalence, sheep U radu je opisano epidemiolosko istrazivanje s ciljem utvrdivanja seroprevalencije protutijela za vrstu Chlamydia abortus ovaca u Bosni i Hercegovini (BiH). Ovo je prvo sustavno istrazivanje ove vrste provedeno u BiH. Uzorci seruma bili su uzeti tijekom 2012. godine, a bilo je obuhvaceno 19 stada ovaca s registriranim reprodukcijskim poremecajima (pobacaji, mrtvorodenja, neplodnost) diljem drzave. Reprezentativan uzorak iz svakog stada osigurali smo jednostavnim slucajnim odabirom kojim je omoguceno otkrivanje seropozitivnosti unutar stada na 95%-tnoj razini povjerljivosti, s ocekivanom prevalencijom od 20%, sluzeci se preporukama za odredivanje potrebne velicine uzorka za otkrivanje prisutnosti bolesti. Pretrazeno je ukupno 178 uzoraka krvnog seruma ovaca na prisutnost specificnih protutijela protiv C. abortus pomocu imunoenzimnog testa (CHEKIT* Chlamydophila abortus Antibody Test Kit). Sukladno preporukama proizvodaca za tumacenje rezultata, od ukupno 178 pretrazenih uzoraka 77 (43,3%) je bilo pozitivno na C. abortus. Stado se smatralo pozitivnim ako je sadrzavalo makar jednu seropozitivnu ivotinju. Prevalencija obuhvacenih stada na C. abortus iznosila je 84,2% (16/19 stada). Rezultati ovog istrazivanja ukazuju na cinjenicu da je infekcija vrstom C. abortus kod ovaca u Bosni i Hercegovini vrlo prosirena. Kljucne rijeci: Bosna i Hercegovina, Chlamydia abortus, seroprevalencija, ovce
The aim of this research was to determine the presence of Chlamydophila abortus (C. abortus) infection in one flock of goats with a previously recorded history of reproductive failures (abortion, ...stillbirths, weak born kids) and long-term poor reproductive performances. The affected flock was from the southern region of Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) and consisted of 48 goats kept in semi-intensive conditions. Blood samples and vaginal swabs were collected twice during 2012 and 2013 and the sample size was estimated at a 95% confidence level, with predicted prevalence of 20%, using the recommendations for determining the required sample size necessary to detect the presence of disease in a flock. A representative sample from this flock was taken by simple random sampling. In the total of 12 blood sera that were tested for the specific antibodies against C. abortus, with the use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (CHEKITR Chlamydophila abortus Antibody Test Kit), the results showed that 11 (91.7%) sera were positive for C. abortus antibodies. Vaginal swabs from all animals were analysed by a modified Chlamydiaceae-specific rtPCR test, targeting the 23S rRNA gene, to determine the presence of known Chlamydiaceae, and three (25%) samples were positive. These positive samples were subsequently tested with a test targeting the ompA gene region (ompA-rtPCR) specific for Chlamydophila abortus. All three samples were also positive using this test. Key words: Chlamydophila abortus, goats, flock, Bosnia and Herzegovina Cilj istrazivanja bio je utvrdivanje infekcije vrstom Chlamydophila abortus (C. abortus) u stadu koza s reproduktivnim poremecajima (pobacaji, mrtvorodenja, radanje slabih mladunaca i dugotrajnim losim reproduktivnim rezultatima). Pretrazeno je stado iz juzne regije Bosne i Hercegovine (BiH), a cini ga 48 koza drzanih u poluintenzivnim uvjetima. Uzorke krvi i vaginalne obriske prikupljali smo u dva navrata tijekom 2012. i 2013. godine, a potreban broj smo odredili koristeci se preporukama za odredivanje potrebne velicine uzorka za otkrivanje bolesti u stadu na 95% razini povjerljivosti i ocekivanom prevalencijom od 20%. Reprezentativan uzorak osigurali smo jednostavnim slucajnim uzorkovanjem. Od ukupno 12 pretrazenih uzoraka krvnog seruma na prisutnost specificnih protutijela protiv C. abortus pomocu imunoenzimnog testa (CHEKITR Chlamydophila abortus Antibody Test Kit), 11 (91,7%) je bilo pozitivno. Vaginalne obriske svih zivotinja potom smo analizirali modifi ciranim Chlamydiaceae-specifi cnim rtPCR za dokaz 23S rRNA gena. Tri su (25%) bila pozitivna. Potom smo pozitivne uzorke pretrazili testom za dokaz gena ompA (ompA-rtPCR) specifi cnoga za vrstu Chlamydophila abortus. Sva tri uzorka su takoder bila pozitivna. Kljucne rijeci: Chlamydophila abortus, koze, stado, Bosna i Hercegovina
Određivanje razine biogenih amina u siru, osim što ima značaj za utvrđivanje higijenske ispravnosti sira, može se upotrijebiti kao parametar za procjenu uvjeta proizvodnje i/ili zrenja proizvoda, te ...posebno u odabiru mljekarskih kultura. U radu se željelo utvrditi utjecaj samog procesa zrenja na količinu biogenih amina u siru. U tu svrhu su obavljene fizikalno-kemijske i mikrobiološke analize, te određivanje sadržaja biogenih amina. Tijekom procesa zrenja Livanjskog sira iz tri različite šarže uzet je po jedan sir i to nultog, 9., 20., 29., 50., 60. i 105. dana. Iz svakog sira uzorkovana su dva uzorka i to iz sredine i pod korom sira. Tijekom 105 dana zrenja Livanjskog sira utvrđena je prisutnosti triptamina, ß-feniletlamina, putrescina, kadaverina, histamina, tiramina, spermina i spermidina. Najveće ukupne vrijednosti pretraživanih biogenih amina utvrđene su 105. dana i to u sredinu 184,13 mg/kg odnosno 76,26 mg/kg u kori sira. Uz naznaku da najveći udio vrijednosti čini histamin s 43,9 % i tiramin s 38,2 % u sredini, odnosno histamin s 31,6 % i tiramin s 31,5 % u kori sira. Vrijednosti putrescina i spermina kretale su se u vrlo malim rasponima i nisu utvrđeni u svim uzorcima. Vrijednosti histamina i tiramina su gotovo tri puta više 105. nego 60. dana. Utvrđeno je da postoji značajna razlika između sredine i kore u vrijednostima biogenih amina. Korelacija između biogenih amina i mikroorganizama nije utvrđena.
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