The Charm 3 SL3 beta-Lactam Test is a 3 min receptor-based lateral-flow Rapid One-Step Assay (ROSA) that detects the six beta-lactam drugs of concern approved for dairy cattle in the United States. ...The method is a biochemical formulation change of the SL3 beta-Lactam Test evaluated and approved in 2007. The Charm 3 SL3 was evaluated under the AOAC Research Institute Performance Tested Method (PTM) program following the protocol of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine. The method was approved as PTM 071002 on May 8, 2009. The following drugs were detected in three combined lots: penicillin G at 3.8 ppb, ampicillin at 8.0 ppb, amoxicillin at 8.4 ppb, cephapirin at 20.0 ppb, ceftiofur (total metabolites) at 79 ppb, and cloxacillin at 8.6 ppb > or = 90% of the time with 95% confidence. These detection levels are lower than, but within 75% of, the U.S. Safe Level/Tolerances. Lot-to-lot repeatability was typically within 20% of these determined levels. The test kit was found to be suitable for testing thawed frozen samples. It was also found to respond with equal or better sensitivity to samples that contained incurred analytes, i.e., both the microbiologically active parent drug and its active metabolites. There were no interferences from somatic cells at 1.1 million/mL, bacterial cells at 300 000 CFU/mL, or 32 other non-beta-lactam drugs at 100 ppb. Ruggedness experiments indicated that the test procedure is robust. These results meet the fit-for-purpose approval criteria for inclusion in the National Conference for Interstate Milk Shipments milk testing program.
Purpose. In this evidence-based teaching practice paper, we report on our efforts to design a means to assess problem framing ability. More faculty than ever are incorporating design into core ...engineering courses; in doing so, they may be concerned that adding design means sacrificing content. In the absence of a measure of problem framing ability, instructors tend to rely on existing assessments that typically focus on conceptual knowledge. We report on the development, implementation, and validation of the Design Skills Test (DST), an assessment of design problem framing ability. Methodology. The DST includes an authentic design scenario and a coding scheme to characterize 1) factual and conceptual information used to frame the problem in terms of needs/constraints; 2) design practices used (e.g., generating ideas, considering multiple stakeholders, remaining tentative); and 3) stylistic choices (e.g., organizing their response, depicting context in representations). We developed three DST scenarios and tested them in a chemical engineering program that began threading design challenges throughout all core courses. We collected data over a three-year period (n=580). In the first and senior years, students completed the same DST twice as a pre/post measure. In the sophomore and junior years, they additionally completed a mid-year version. Students were given 15 minutes to work on the problem during class; instructors explained that there was no single right answer and that it would take a team many months to develop a solution, but that we were interested in how they start such a problem. To make data analysis feasible, two undergraduate peer-learning facilitators analyzed each DST independently (14 PLFs contributed), following minimal training. Results. Using a validity-as-argument approach (Linn, 1994), we argue that the DST provides valid information about design problem-framing ability, provided the information is used for course improvement purposes. Inter-rater reliability for factual/conceptual codes was 65% to 83%; for practice codes 52% to 77%; and for stylistic codes 68% to 80%). Conclusions. Our findings indicate that the DST sheds light on students’ design problem framing ability and provides valid evidence to help faculty evaluate the impact of incorporating design challenges, as not all design challenges support students to learn how to design. Given that professional engineering design practice relies on knowing how to frame problems, it is important for students to have opportunities to develop problem framing ability. Implications. While reliability with minimal training was lower than would be acceptable for research purposes, we argue that for instructional purposes, this represents a significant reduction of faculty time. To enhance reliability, we worked with instructional designers to develop an online, self-paced training. Future studies will explore the impact of this training on reliability and explore the extent to which DSTs are predictive of later design behaviors.
The profound changes in the morphology, antigenicity, and functional properties of the host erythrocyte membrane induced by intraerythrocytic parasites of the human malaria Plasmodium falciparum are ...poorly understood at the molecular level. We have used mouse mAbs to identify a very large malarial protein (Mr∼ 300,000) that is exported from the parasite and deposited on the cytoplasmic face of the erythrocyte membrane. This protein is denoted P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 2 (Pf EMP 2). The mAbs did not react with the surface of intact infected erythrocytes, nor was Pf EMP 2 accessible to exogenous proteases or lactoperoxidase-catalyzed radioiodination of intact cells. The mAbs also had no effect on in vitro cytoadherence of infected cells to the C32 amelanotic melanoma cell line. These properties distinguish Pf EMP 2 from Pf EMP 1, the cell surface malarial protein of similar size that is associated with the cytoadherent property of P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes. The mAbs did not react with Pf EMP 1. In one strain of parasite there was a significant difference in relative mobility of the125I-surface-labeled Pf EMP 1 and the biosynthetically labeled Pf EMP 2, further distinguishing these proteins. By cryo-thin-section immunoelectron microscopy we identified organelles involved in the transit of Pf EMP through the erythrocyte cytoplasm to the internal face of the erythrocyte membrane where the protein is associated with electron-dense material under knobs. These results show that the intraerythrocytic malaria parasite has evolved a novel system for transporting malarial proteins beyond its own plasma membrane, through a vacuolar membrane and the host erythrocyte cytoplasm to the erythrocyte membrane, where they become membrane bound and presumably alter the properties of this membrane to the parasite's advantage.
Abstract
The Sangre de Cristo Mountains of southern Colorado and northern New Mexico, USA, contain an unusual combination of thick- and thin-skinned contractional structures involving both basement ...and cover rocks in the Laramide Rocky Mountain foreland. These structures are truncated by down-faulted extensional basins to the east and west. Together with synorogenic sediments, these structures preserve a record of the rise of the Ancestral Rocky Mountains, the Laramide orogeny, and Rio Grande rifting. Laramide structures within the mountains provide clues to processes that link the three events and to necessary conditions for thin-skinned and thick-skinned contractional structures to form together in continental interiors.
To examine the full variety of structural styles, a portion of the northern Sangre de Cristo fold- and-thrust belt in Colorado was described and interpreted using geologic maps and structural cross-sections. Stratigraphic relations of the Ancestral Rocky Mountain highlands and basin fill were reconstructed from existing maps. These relations allow identification of faults inherited from the Ancestral Rocky Mountains, differentiation of thrust sheets, and in some cases, estimation of the magnitude of displacement. To examine relations between Laramide thrusts and Rio Grande rifting, kinematic data were collected from a thrust fault adjacent to rift faults.
Three thrust fault styles were recognized: thin-skinned basement, thin-skinned cover rocks, and thick-skinned basement. Thin-skinned thrusts arising from a hinterland beneath the present San Luis Valley carried sheets of Proterozoic basement rocks northeast over a Laramide foreland. These basement thrusts are interpreted to be faults of the Ancestral Rocky Mountains that reactivated during the Laramide orogeny. The Laramide foreland consists of thin-skinned thrusts and folds in sedimentary cover rocks as young as 49 Ma. Both thin-skinned thrusts in basement and cover rocks are bounded by thick-skinned basement thrusts that moved intermittently throughout the Laramide orogeny.
We infer that thin-skinned thrusts form in continental interiors where deformation is focused in weak strata of thick basin fill and in fluid-reaction weakened preexisting faults in basement rocks. Both conditions are met in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. Basement thrusts adjacent to the San Luis Valley contain evidence of plastic contractional microstructures overprinted by extensional microstructures that may record the transition from Laramide contraction to Rio Grande extension of the crust.
Reviews of Books Lazenby, J. F.; Everett, Nick; Doxey, Gary B. ...
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Book Review
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VINCENT GABRIELSEN. Financing the Athenian Fleet: Public Taxation and Social Relations. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995. Pp. xvi, 306. $45.00 (US), cloth. Reviewed by J. F. ...Lazenby
MICHAEL RICHTER. The Formation of the Medieval West: Studies in the Oral Culture of the Barbarians. New York: St Martin's Press, 1994. Pp. xv, 292. $49.95 (us), cloth. Reviewed by Nick Everett
OLIVIA REMIE CONSTABLE. Trade and Traders in Muslim Spain: The Commercial Realignment of the Iberian Peninsula, 900-1500. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Pp. xxv, 320. $59.95 (US), cloth. Reviewed by Gary B. Doxey
JOHN FRANCE. Victory in the East: A Military History of the First Crusade. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Pp. xv, 425. $54.95 (US). Reviewed by Thomas S. Asbridge
H. J. A. SIRE. The Knights of Malta. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994. Pp. xiii, 305. $50.00 (US), cloth. Reviewed by Michael Gervers
EDWIN S. HUNT. The Medieval Super-Companies: A Study of the Peruzzi Company of Florence. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Pp. x, 291. $59.95 (US). Reviewed by Edward D. English
NOEL MALCOLM. Bosnia: A Short History. New York: New York University Press, 1994. Pp. xxiv,340. $26.95 (US). Reviewed by Philip J. Adler
DAVID CHANDLER and IAN BECKETT, eds. The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Army. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. Pp. xvii, 493. $64.50 (CDN). Reviewed by Michael Carver
MALTA JANSSON and NIKOLAI ROGOZHIN, eds. England and the North: The Russian Embassy of 1613-1614, trans. Paul Bushkovitch. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1994. Pp. xxxvi, 236. $45.00 (US), cloth. Reviewed by Lindsey Hughes
G. DYFNALLT OWEN and SONIA P. ANDERSON, eds. Report on the Manuscripts of the Most Honourable The Marquess of Downshire: Volume vi: Papers of William TrumbuU the Elder, September 1616-December 1618. London: HMSO, 1995; dist. Lanham, MD: UNIPUB. Pp. ix, 710. £120.00. Reviewed by Jeremy Black
DAVID BLOCK. Mission Culture on the Upper Amazon: Native Tradition, Jesuit Enterprise, and Secular Policy in Moxos, 1660-1880. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1994. Pp. xiii, 240. $30.00 (US). Reviewed by Thomas M. Cohen
PETER K. TAYLOR. Indentured to Liberty: Peasant Life and the Hessian Military State, 1688-1815. Ithaca, N.Y. and London: Cornell University Press, 1994. Pp. xvi, 275. $45.00 (US). reviewed by Gerald L. Soliday
LAWRENCE STONE, ed. An Imperial State at War: Britain from 1689 to 1815. London and New York: Roudedge, 1994. Pp. ix, 372. $69.95 (US). Reviewed by Nicholas Rogers
FLORENCIA E. MALLON. Peasant and Nation: The Making of Postcolonial Mexico and Peru. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995. Pp. xxiv, 472. $19.00 (US). Reviewed by Richard Boyer
DAVID FITZPATRICK. Oceans of Consolation: Personal Accounts of Irish Migration to Australia. Ithaca, N.Y. and London: Cornell University Press, 1995. Pp. xiv, 649. $22.50 (US), paper; Reviewed by Donald Harman Akenson
EUGENE RIDINGS. Business Interest Groups in Nineteenth-Century Brazil. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Pp. xiv, 377. $59.95 (US), cloth. Reviewed by A.J. R. Russell-Wood
MILES TAYLOR, ed. The European Diaries of Richard Cobden, 1846-1849. Aldershot: Scolar Press; dist. Brookfield: Ashgate Publishing Company, 1994. Pp. xiii, 223. £39.50. Reviewed by Muriel E. Chamberlain
GEORGE J. BILLY. Palmerston's Foreign Policy, 1848. New York: Peter Lang, 1994. Pp. xv, 256. $53.95 (US). Reviewed by Keith A. P. Sandiford
ANTOINETTE BURTON. Burdens of History: British Feminists, Indian Women, and Imperial Culture, 1865-1915. Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 1994. Pp. xi, 301. $26.50 (US), paper. Reviewed by Judith M. Brown
NICHOLAS THOMAS. Colonialism's Culture: Anthropology, Travel, and Government. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994. Pp. xi. 238. $16.95 (US). Reviewed by John M. Mackenzie
JANINA M. KONCZACKI, ed. Victorian Explorer: The African Diaries of Captain William G. Stairs, 1887-1892. Halifax, N.S.: Nimbus, 1994. Pp. xvii,319. $19.95 (CDN). Reviewed by CHRISTOPHER P. YOUÈ
LUKE TRAINOR. British Imperialism and Australian Nationalism: Manipulation, Conflict, and Compromise in the Late Nineteenth Century. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Pp. xi, 313. $49.95 (US). Reviewed by John Rickard
JOHN HOUSE. Impressionism for England: Samuel Courtauld as Patron and Collector. New Haven: Yale University Press; London: Courtauld Institute Galleries, 1994. Pp. 252. $50.00 (US); Reviewed by Richard H. Colun
KENNETH MCCONKEY. Impressionists in Britain. New Haven: Yale University Press; London: Barbican Art Gallery, 1995. Pp. 224. $50.00 (US). Reviewed by Richard H. Colun
HARALD HUSEMANN, ed. As Others See Us: Anglo-German Perceptions. Frankfurt: Europäischer Hochschulschriften Verlag der Wissenschaften; dist. Peter Lang, 1994. Pp. 151. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by A. J. Crozier
TONY SMITH. America's Mission: The United states and the worldwide struggle for democracy in the twentieth century. princeton: princeton university press, 1994. pp. xviii, 455. $24.95 (US), cloth. Reviewed by Rhodri Jeffreys-Jones
ERIC HOBSBAWM. The Age of Extremes: A History of the World, 1914-1991. New York: Pandieon Books, 1994. Pp. xii, 627. $30.00 (US). Reviewed by Norman Rich
GABRIEL KOLKO. Century of War: Politics, Conflict, and Society since 1914. New York: New Press, 1994. Pp. xx, 546. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Martin Kitchen
MIKHAIL VOLODARSKY. The Soviet Union and Its Southern Neighbors: Iran and Afghanistan, 1917-1933. London: Frank Cass, dist. Pordand, Oreg.: ISBS, 1994. Pp. xii, 196. $37.50 (US). Reviewed by Ludwig W. Adamec
SHIZHANG HU. Stanley K. Hornbeck and the Open Door Policy, 1919-1937. Westport Greenwood Press, 1995. Pp. 263. $59.95 (US), cloth. Reviewed by Russell D. Buhite
A. L. MACFIE. Atatürk. London and New York: Longman, 1994. Pp. x, 217. £29.99, cloth; £10.99, paper. Reviewed by Kemal H. Karpat
HILDE HARDEMAN. Coming to Terms with the Soviet Regime: The 'Changing Landmarks' Movement among Russian ÉmigrÉs in the Early 1920s. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1993. Pp. x,319. $30.00 (US). Reviewed by Temira Pachmuss
DONNA ROBINSON DIVINE. Politics and Society in Ottoman Palestine: The Arab Struggle for Survival and Power. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1994. Pp. vii, 227. $38.00 (US). Reviewed by Reeva S. Simon
MARIEL GRANT. Propaganda and the Role of the State in Inter-War Britain. New York: Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press, 1994. Pp. x, 284. $75.50 (CDN). Reviewed by John Charmley
RICHARD W. FANNING. Peace and Disarmament: Naval Rivalry and Arms Control, 1922-1933. Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1995. Pp. xiii, 224. $35.00 (US). Reviewed by B.J.C. Mckercher
MARTYN ATKINS. Informal Empire in Crisis: British Diplomacy and the Chinese Customs Succession, 1927-1929. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University East Asia Program, 1995. Pp. x, 127. $20.00 (US), cloth; $12.00 (US), paper. Reviewed by Nicholas R. Clifford
MICHAEL EPPEL. The Palestine Conflict in the History of Modern Iraq: The Dynamics of Involvement, 1928-1948. London: Frank Cass; dist. Portland, Oreg.:ISBS, 1994, Pp. viii, 229. $37.50 (US). Reviewed by Michael J. Cohen
YEHUDA BAUER. Jews for Sale? Nazi-Jewish Negotiations, 1933-1945. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994. Pp. xiii, 306. $30.00 (US). Reviewed by Christopher R. Browning
HAILE M. LAREBO. The Building of an Empire: Italian Land Policy and Practice in Ethiopia, 1935-1941. New York: Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press, 1994. Pp. xxvii, 350. $112.50 (CDN). Reviewed by Charles W. Mcclellan
HODA GAMAL ABDEL NASSER. Britain and the Egyptian Nationalist Movement, 1936-1952. Reading, UK: Ithaca Press, 1994. Pp. xxv, 350. £30.00. Reviewed by James Jankowski
JOHN LAMBERTON HARPER. American Visions of Europe: Franklin D. Roosevelt, George F. Kennan, and Dean G. Acheson. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Pp. xi,378. $27.95 (US), cloth. Reviewed by Ronald W. Pruessen
LLOYD C. GARDNER. Spheres of Influence: The Great Powers Partition Europe, from Munich to Yalta. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1993. Pp. xvi, 302. $28.50 (US). Reviewed by Mark Mazower
FREDERICK W. GIBSON and BARBARA ROBERTSON, eds. Ottawa at War: The Grant Dexter Memoranda, 1939-1945 Winnipeg: Manitoba Record Society, 1994. Pp. xxviii, 513, $30.00 (CDN), cloth. Reviewed by Desmond Morton
MARC MILNER. The U-Boat Hunters: The Royal Canadian Navy and the Offensive against Germany's Submarines. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994. Pp. xx, 326. $35.00 (CDN). Reviewed by Jurgen Rohwer
TIMOTHY J. RUNYAN and JAN M. COPES, eds. To Die Gallantly: The Battle of the Atlantic. Boulder: Westview Press, 1994. Pp. xxvi, 347. $55.00 (US), cloth; $17.85 (US), paper. Reviewed by Geoffrey Till
RICHARD CROCKATT. The Fifty Years War: The United States and the Soviet Union in World Politics, 1941-1991. London and New York: Roudedge, 1995. Pp. viii, 417. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Norman E. Saul
JOHN P. CAMPBELL. Dieppe Revisited: A Documentary Investigation. London: Frank Cass; dist. Portland, Oreg.: ISBS Inc., 1995. Pp. xv, 247. $35.00 (US), cloth. Reviewed by Stephen J. Harris
SEBASTIAN SIEBEL-ACHENBACH. Lower Silesia from Nazi Germany to Communist Poland, 1942-1949. London: Macmillan, 1994. Pp. xx, 381. £38.00. Reviewed by Tomasz Szarota
TILMAN REMME. Britain and Regional Co-operation in South-East Asia, 1945-49. London and New York: Routledge, 1995. Pp. x, 261. £37.50; Reviewed by Nicholas Tarling
ROLF TANNER. 'A strong showing': britain's struggle for power and influence in south-east asia, 1942-1950. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1994. Pp. 299. DM 94.00. Reviewed by Nicholas Tarling
ROBERT O. PAXTON and NICHOLAS WAHL, eds. De Gaulle and the United States: A Centennial Reappraisal. Oxford and Providence: Berg, 1994. Pp. xix, 433. $19.95 (US). Reviewed by Marvin R. Zahniser
KENTON J. CLYMER. Quest for Freedom: The United States and India's Independence. New York:
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