Throughout the world multi drug resistant nosocomial infections are one of the leading causes of death and morbidity among hospitalized patients. Antimicrobial resistance AMR has become a major ...problem in treatment of such infections. High consumption of antimicrobials particularly in ICUs is often described as the most important factor leading to AMR.
The aim of the study was to study the magnitude of antimicrobial resistance amongst nosocomial pathogens and the antimicrobial prescription patterns of patients admitted in intensive care unit.
The study was conducted in I.C.U of a tertiary care government hospital in Delhi over a period of 4 months, on 100 patients admitted in I.C.U. Depending on clinical suspicion laboratory samples were collected and subjected to antimicrobial sensitivity testing. Antimicrobial prescription of these patients were collected from I.C.U records and analyzed.
Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella species were the most common organism 23%. Among patients where causative organism was isolated, two or more organisms were isolated from 50% of the samples. Most of the Klebsiella species and Acinetobacter species were resistant to beta lactam group of antibiotics such as cephalosporins and piperacillin-tazobactam. 60% of isolates of S. aureus were found to be MRSA while none of the S. aureus were resistant to linezolid and vancomycin. All patients were prescribed two or more antimicrobials while 66% patients were prescribed 3–5 antimicrobials. Commonest combination was beta lactam with metronidazole followed by levofloxacin with metronidazole with addition of aminoglycosides or linezolid as third drug. Total 20 antimicrobial agents were used in the treatment of the patients. Among these consumption in DDD/100bed days of metronidazole was highest 100.9 followed by fluconazole 76.6 and levofloxacin 62.7.
High usage of antimicrobial consumption has been noted in this study, prompting institution of measures to formulate and adherence to antimicrobial policy strictly.
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is known for its variable severity and high infectivity. Though fewer than 15% of infected cases develop severe disease, a major proportion had prolonged stay in ...the intensive care unit (ICU). Prolonged ICU stay is known to have a long-term impact on behavior and quality of life.8 Therefore, it is likely that patients discharged after severe COVID-19 have issues that persist for long term. The current study aimed to assess the long-term impact of severe COVID-19 on the Quality of life (QOL), sleep pattern, behavior, and workability.
The current multicenter study adopted a cross-sectional design to analyze data from two tertiary care COVID-19 dedicated hospitals. All experimental procedures were approved by the ethics committee of the M.L.B Medical College. Participants were 20–60 age group who had been admitted to the ICU because of severe COVID-19 and had elapsed at least one and a half year since their discharge. After informed written consent the participants were assessed for: EUROHIS-QOL 8-item index; Workability Score; Quality of sleep; The major depression inventory (MDI) questionnaire; Generalized anxiety disorder 7 item scale (GAD-7); Current global health status score: an innovative subjective scale (1 –10) to determine the current global health status when 5 is the status before COVID-19.
491 participants were assessed, the median follow-up time after discharge from the hospital was 561·0 days (range, 548–580 days). The mean duration of ICU stay was 8.72 ± 2.85 days. There was significant reduction in the prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and hypertension as compared with discharge time. The mean of EUROHIS-QOL score, workability score, current global health status score was 3.28 ± 0.98, 6.87 ± 0.85, 4.53 ± 1.36 respectively. The mean MDI and anxiety scores were 4.12 ± 1.45 and 18.63 ± 3.28, respectively.
Severe COVID-19 survivors have new-onset psychological disorders and sleep disturbances. Long term quality of life and work ability remains poor after prolong ICU admission secondary to severe COVID-19.
In December 2019, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) appeared and spread worldwide, triggering a pandemic of respiratory illness. So, there was an urgent need for vaccines ...worldwide. The mRNA-based vaccines are undergoing an accelerated phase of development during this pandemic. WHO has issued interim guidelines for administering the Moderna mRNA-1273 vaccine against COVID-19 based on advice given by the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization (SAGE). The significant future directions for study would be comparing and elucidating the immune processes triggered by mRNA vaccine platforms, developing existing methods focused on these mechanisms, and introducing new clinical trials of these vaccines against additional disease targets.
This study aims to reveal the important role and contribution of the Moderna mRNA-1273 vaccine to COVID-19 vaccinology.
Moderna mRNA-1273 vaccine could be the keystone of modern vaccinology in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Many countries worldwide are experiencing a see-saw pattern in health sector as individuals demand for health services rise exponentially during their fear and anxiety of disease and death. But ...medical care alone cannot bring health (physical/mental) to people living in rural/urban areas. It is the blending of natural and man-made variables to overcome poverty, unemployment, poor sanitation, and, not to be excused, ailing health. It is likely to expect significant health improvements in those respective areas if given a radical approach. To address the needs of public, World Health Organization came up with some strategies to improve health guidelines, reduce health risks, to have immense progress and to support a sound lifestyle to every human in 1970s that were to be fulfilled by 2000. The term ‘Health for All’ was defined in 1981 in which its goals were interlinked with each other in some or the other way. For instance, to reduce crude death rate, some eradication programmes were being improvised and at the same time those programmes helped to increase life expectancy of individuals by improving quality of life. To put it in a nutshell, public health has always been a key factor of all time since the beginning of the universe, we need to realize that to diminish health inequalities, we have to amalgamate ancient and advanced technology in an effective pattern to improve health and address health issues as they begin to develop.
A series of N-(2-anilino-pyridyl) linked 2-amino benzothiazoles (4a–n) and 1,2,4triazolo 1,5-bbenzothiadiazine conjugates (5a–j) have been designed, synthesized and evaluated for their ...antiproliferative activity. The active compounds were tested for their effects on the cell cycle perturbations and induction of apoptosis.
A series of N-(2-anilino-pyridyl) linked 2-amino benzothiazoles (4a–n) and 1,2,4triazolo 1,5-bbenzothiadiazine conjugates (5a–j) have been designed, synthesized and evaluated for their antiproliferative activity. Some of these compounds (4h–k, 4n, and 5e) have exhibited potent cytotoxicity specifically against human leukemia HL-60 cell lines with IC50 values in the range of 0.08–0.70μM. All these compounds were tested for their effects on the cell cycle perturbations and induction of apoptosis. Morphological evidences of apoptosis, including fragmentation of nuclei and inter nucleosomal DNA laddering formation were clearly observed after 24h exposure to compound 4i. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that compound 4i showed drastic cell cycle perturbations due to concentration dependant increase in the sub-G0 region which comprises of both the apoptotic and debris fraction, thus implying the extent of cell death. These compounds trigger the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway that results in the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential through activation of multiple caspases followed by activation of caspase-3, and finally cleavage of PARP. Further the mechanism of cell death was analysed by fluorescent microscopic analysis and also by scanning electron microscopy. The cytotoxicity of 4i correlated with induction of apoptosis, caspases activation and DNA damage and thus indicating the apoptotic pathway of anticancer effect of these compounds.
This paper comprehensively reviews research articles on linear and nonlinear performances of laminated shells. The study on composite surfaces gained popularity since the last decade. The composite ...shell problems for complex forms are difficult to solve analytically. Hence, the numerical solutions became popular. The invent of fast computers popularized the numerical approaches further among practicing engineers. Thin shell surfaces are widely popular to cover long unsupported spans in civil engineering; however, these are vulnerable to instability especially under transverse overloading. The stiffened surfaces addressed such problems. The detailed review on bare and stiffened surfaces highlights gaps in literature which can help the researchers to find out scopes of future research problems.
Background: The Truview EVO2(C) laryngoscope (TL) is a recently introduced optical device designed to provide an unmagnified anterior image of the glottic opening and allow indirect laryngoscopy. ...Aim: This study is designed to determine whether the TL is a better alternative to the Macintosh laryngoscope (ML) for routine endotracheal intubations in patients with usual airway characteristics. Methods: We compared the Truview EVO2(C) and MLs in 140 elective surgical patients requiring general anaesthesia and intubation in a prospective crossover fashion. The two blades were compared in terms of Cormack and Lehane grades, time required for intubation, anaesthetists′ assessment of ease of intubation, intubation difficulty score, attempts at intubation, success rate, soft tissue damage and arterial oxygen saturation during laryngoscopy. The Student t test and Chi-square test were used to determine the statistical significance of parametric data and categorical data, respectively. Results: The Truview EVO2(C) blade provided a better laryngoscopic view than the Macintosh blade as suggested by improved Cormack and Lehane grades (in 48 patients), but required a longer time for intubation than the Macintosh blade (34.1 vs. 22.4 s), i.e., an improved view at the cost of longer mean intubation time. In spite of lower intubation difficulty scores, Truview EVO2(C) was considered as difficult to use on subjective assessment by the anaesthesiologist when compared with Macintosh. There was no difference observed between the two groups in attempts at intubation, success rate, soft tissue damage and arterial oxygen saturation during laryngoscopy. Conclusion: We opine that although Truview provides a better laryngoscopic view than Macintosh in difficult cases, it does not have an extra benefit over Macintosh otherwise, further indicating the need for more experience with the use of a Truview laryngoscope.
SARS COV-2: Exploring the Virus of the Century Saxena, Arpita; Gangopadhyay, Sukanya; Suneja, Shilpa
International Journal of Research and Review,
8/2021, Letnik:
8, Številka:
8
Journal Article
Odprti dostop
Coronaviruses comprise a large family of viruses that cause respiratory and intestinal infections in animals and humans. This recent outbreak of unusual respiratory disease plaguing the entire world ...has been named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on the basis of phylogenetic analysis of related coronaviruses. Its transmission occurs mainly through airborn, fomite and other modes. Structurally, it is similar to other coronaviruses and has four major structural proteins; the spike surface glycoprotein (S), small envelope protein (E), matrix protein (M) and nucleocapsid protein (N). The M protein is most abundant and is responsible for intracellular formation of virus particles. S protein induces antibody generation and is involved in intracellular virus entry. Drug combinations are being tried on the basis of structural and genomic knowledge of the virus. Various researchers have found that the SARS CoV2 has many strains among which L type is most pathogenic and D614 type is most infective. All this information has been collected in this review to understand the virus behind this calamity in depth and to make it handy for the researchers to search literature related to SARS COV2.
Keywords: SARS COV2, spike glycoprotein, L type strain, D614 strain.
A 24-day neonate, weighing 2.3 kg, presented with a swelling in the oral cavity, with difficulty in breast feeding. The swelling was small at birth which progressively increased over time. Local ...examination showed that the baby's mouth was wide open, due to a 3×4 cm cystic transilluminant mass Figure 1 occupying the entire oral cavity.
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