End-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2) is an invaluable anesthesia measure due to minimal delay in monitoring ventilation. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (OMS) presents special challenges because oral ...exhalations are not sampled effectively via nasal cannula normally used to avoid interfering with procedures.
The purpose of the study was to compare EtCO2 waveforms obtained in subjects using nasal monitoring and combined nasal and oral monitoring under simulated ventilatory conditions.
A single-blinded, randomized crossover controlled study was conducted at the University of Illinois Chicago with healthy volunteers, who were blinded to the monitoring system used. Inclusion criteria required subjects be >18 years of age, be consentable and English-speaking. Exclusion criteria required no airway abnormalities, no edentulism, no conditions that preclude undergoing an OMS procedure under sedation.
The primary predictor variable was the EtCO2 monitoring system: nasal with a standard nasal cannula, and combined with a nasal cannula and oral device. The secondary predictor variable evaluated three ventilatory states (nasal breathing, oral breathing, apnea) in each arm, standardizing by maintaining consistent breath counts across observation periods.
The main outcome variable was the number of waveforms recorded over 30 seconds for nasal and combined monitoring. Each recording was standardized by dividing it by the baseline waveforms and multiplying by 20. Higher values, closer to baseline, were considered more accurate depictions of ventilation.
Covariates were body mass index (BMI), age, sex, Mallampati score, and breathing method.
ANOVA, ANCOVA, and MANOVA were performed. P-value<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
The sample included 25 subjects (18 male, 7 female) with mean age 29.9+7.98 years and BMI 23.9+3.51 kg/m2. Combined sampling detected more waveforms during nasal and oral breathing (p<0.001). Higher BMI correlated with reduced waveform capture during nasal sampling in oral breathing (p=0.013). Combined sampling detected more waveforms during nasal breathing (p=0.005) in subjects with BMI < 23.5 kg/m2. Mallampati score correlated with increased waveforms during nasal breathing.
Oral EtCO2 sampling may improve accuracy of capnography waveform capture. Further clinical studies in sedated subjects undergoing OMS procedures are needed.
Segmental maxillary osteotomies require precise occlusal control due to variability in individual segment positioning. The role of maxillomandibular fixation (MMF) technique on occlusal control has ...not been validated.
The purpose is to measure and compare the accuracy of occlusal positioning among MMF techniques.
This was a double-blinded in vitro study on experiment models to simulate a 3-piece LeFort I osteotomy. The models were constricted posteriorly and expanded using 3 different MMF techniques and compared to the unaltered baseline occlusion. Based on sample size calculation, 32 separate attempts were made for each MMF technique.
The predictor variable was MMF technique (brackets, MMF screws, and embrasure wires).
The primary outcome variable was the visual occlusal analysis score, a 1.00 to 4.00 continuous scale measuring the similarity of the achieved occlusion to the planned (control) occlusion assessed by an oral and maxillofacial surgeon and an orthodontist. High visual occlusal analysis score indicated greater occlusal accuracy, with 3.50 defined as the threshold for accuracy. The secondary outcome variable was the linear error of the achieved occlusion at the canine and first molar teeth, with lower error indicating greater accuracy. An a priori accuracy threshold of 0.5 mm was set for this variable.
None.
Kruskal-Wallis test with post hoc testing was used to analyze the difference in the outcome variables of interest. P value < .05 was considered statistically significant.
Thirty-two attempts for each technique showed that brackets had higher VAOS than MMF screws and embrasure wires (median differences 1.49 and 0.48, P < .001), and had lower linear occlusal error (median differences 0.35 to 0.99 mm, P < .001).
MMF technique influences the quality of occlusal control, with greater visual rating scores and lower linear errors seen with brackets than with embrasure wires or MMF screws.
How did rhetoric begin and what was it before it was called “rhetoric"? Must art have a name to be considered art? What is the difference between eloquence and rhetoric? And what were the differences ...among poets, philosophers, sophists, and rhetoricians before Plato emphasized—or perhaps invented—their differences? In Logos without Rhetoric: The Arts of Language before Plato, Robin Reames attempts to intervene in these and other questions by examining the status of rhetorical theory in texts that predate Plato’s coining of the term “rhetoric" (c. 380 B.C.E.). From Homer and Hesiod to Parmenides and Heraclitus to Gorgias, Theodorus, and Isocrates, the case studies contained here examine the status of the discipline of rhetoric prior to and therefore in the absence of the influence of Plato and Aristotle’s full-fledged development of rhetorical theory in the fourth century B.C.E. The essays in this volume make a case for a porous boundary between theory and practice and promote skepticism about anachronistic distinctions between myth and reason and between philosophy and rhetoric in the historiography of rhetoric’s beginning. The result is an enlarged understanding of the rhetorical content of pre-fourth-century Greek texts.
Developmental biology aims to understand how the dynamics of embryonic shapes and organ functions are encoded in linear DNA molecules. Thanks to recent progress in genomics and imaging technologies, ...systemic approaches are now used in parallel with small-scale studies to establish links between genomic information and phenotypes, often described at the subcellular level. Current model organism databases, however, do not integrate heterogeneous data sets at different scales into a global view of the developmental program. Here, we present a novel, generic digital system, NISEED, and its implementation, ANISEED, to ascidians, which are invertebrate chordates suitable for developmental systems biology approaches. ANISEED hosts an unprecedented combination of anatomical and molecular data on ascidian development. This includes the first detailed anatomical ontologies for these embryos, and quantitative geometrical descriptions of developing cells obtained from reconstructed three-dimensional (3D) embryos up to the gastrula stages. Fully annotated gene model sets are linked to 30,000 high-resolution spatial gene expression patterns in wild-type and experimentally manipulated conditions and to 528 experimentally validated cis-regulatory regions imported from specialized databases or extracted from 160 literature articles. This highly structured data set can be explored via a Developmental Browser, a Genome Browser, and a 3D Virtual Embryo module. We show how integration of heterogeneous data in ANISEED can provide a system-level understanding of the developmental program through the automatic inference of gene regulatory interactions, the identification of inducing signals, and the discovery and explanation of novel asymmetric divisions.
As discrete fields of inquiry, rhetoric and mathematics have long been considered antithetical to each other. That is, if mathematics explains or describes the phenomena it studies with certainty, ...persuasion is not needed. This volume calls into question the view that mathematics is free of rhetoric.
Through nine studies of the intersections between these two disciplines, Arguing with Numbers shows that mathematics is in fact deeply rhetorical. Using rhetoric as a lens to analyze mathematically based arguments in public policy, political and economic theory, and even literature, the essays in this volume reveal how mathematics influences the values and beliefs with which we assess the world and make decisions and how our worldviews influence the kinds of mathematical instruments we construct and accept. In addition, contributors examine how concepts of rhetoric—such as analogy and visuality—have been employed in mathematical and scientific reasoning, including in the theorems of mathematical physicists and the geometrical diagramming of natural scientists. Challenging academic orthodoxy, these scholars reject a math-equals-truth reduction in favor of a more constructivist theory of mathematics as dynamic, evolving, and powerfully persuasive.
By bringing these disparate lines of inquiry into conversation with one another, Arguing with Numbers provides inspiration to students, established scholars, and anyone inside or outside rhetorical studies who might be interested in exploring the intersections between the two disciplines.
In addition to the editors, the contributors to this volume are Catherine Chaput, Crystal Broch Colombini, Nathan Crick, Michael Dreher, Jeanne Fahnestock, Andrew C. Jones, Joseph Little, and Edward Schiappa.
In recent years large visual-language (V+L) models have achieved great success in various downstream tasks. However, it is not well studied whether these models have a conceptual grasp of the visual ...content. In this work we focus on conceptual understanding of these large V+L models.To facilitate this study, we propose novel benchmarking datasets for probing three different aspects of content understanding, 1) relations, 2) composition and 3) context. Our probes are grounded in cognitive science and help determine if a V+L model can, for example, determine if ``snow garnished with a man'' is implausible, or if it can identify beach furniture by knowing it is located on a beach. We experimented with five different state-of-the-art V+L models and observe that these models mostly fail to demonstrate a conceptual understanding. This study reveals several interesting insights such as cross-attention helps learning conceptual understanding, and that CNNs are better with texture and patterns, while Transformers are better at color and shape. We further utilize some of these insights and propose a baseline for improving performance by a simple finetuning technique that rewards the three conceptual understanding measures with promising initial results. We believe that the proposed benchmarks will help the community assess and improve the conceptual understanding capabilities of large V+L models.
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