Ten essays are presented which suggest rationale and methods for involving students of American history in first hand research using primary source material. The book is intended for classroom and ...extra curricular use by teachers and students of American studies on the high school, college, and adult education levels. It can also be of use to people in museums, historical village communities, and historical societies as they seek to develop and implement educational programs. The essays represent a sampler of teaching and research techniques which have been developed and tested over a period of five years in American studies courses on the college level. The essays discuss ways to examine and interpret history using a wide variety of artifacts, including historical photographs, mail-order catalogues, maps, historic museums, historic houses and villages, local archaeological artifacts, and records of landscape architecture at different periods throughout history. Students are involved in a variety of activities, including undertaking research in photographic archives; tracing changes in an area by following photographs of different building types; unmasking deliberate distortion in photographic evidence; tracing the evolution of the mail-order catalogue in America; analyzing etiquette at different periods as it was mirrored in mail-order catalogues, advice manuals, and self-improvement primers; comparing land surveys from various eras; reconstructuring city plans and maps based on incomplete cartographic evidence; and researching symbolic meaning of historic houses from whatever documentary materials may survive. (DB)
The Near Detector for the MINOS Experiment at Fermilab is composed of alternating planes of scintillator strips and steel plates, and is read out with 64-channel, multi-anode photomultiplier tubes. ...The instrumentation uses a custom integrated circuit designed at Fermilab for the front end analog processing, called the QIE. The system can measure single photoelectrons to high precision with a dynamic range of 16 bits. The electronics operates in two modes. It records all events that occur during the 10 /spl mu/s "fast spill" of the beam from the Fermilab Main Injector at a rate of 53 MHz, using a gate from the beamline controls to force data acquisition. The system can also acquire data from cosmic rays that pass through the detector for calibration. In this case, dynode signals from the photomultipliers are used as the trigger, causing digitization and readout of the associated channels. Zero suppression and normalization are done in the front end electronics. The system is "triggerless" in that there is no global hardware trigger. Instead, each event is tagged with a "timestamp", which is used in postprocessing to reconstruct events and discard noise hits. The system of 10,000 channels is now built and installed, and operational at Fermilab. The components of the system are described and preliminary system performance is reported.
We present a study of the response of the highly granular Digital Hadronic Calorimeter with steel absorbers, the Fe-DHCAL, to positrons, muons, and pions with momenta ranging from 2 to 60GeV/c. ...Developed in the context of the CALICE collaboration, this hadron calorimeter utilises Resistive Plate Chambers as active media, interspersed with steel absorber plates. With a transverse granularity of 1×1cm2 and a longitudinal segmentation of 38 layers, the calorimeter counted 350,208 readout channels, each read out with single-bit resolution (digital readout). The data were recorded in the Fermilab test beam in 2010–11. The analysis includes measurements of the calorimeter response and the energy resolution to positrons and muons, as well as detailed studies of various shower shape quantities. The results are compared to simulations based on Geant4, which utilise different electromagnetic and hadronic physics lists.
The DataCollection (DC) is a subsystem of the ATLAS Trigger and DAQ system. It is responsible for the movement of event data from the ReadOut subsystem to the Second Level Trigger and to the Event ...Filter. This functionality is distributed on several software applications running on Linux PCs interconnected with Gigabit Ethernet. For the design and implementation of these applications a common approach has been adopted. This approach leads to the design and implementation of a common DC software framework providing a suite of common services.
A new detector technology is being developed for future colliding beam experiments that is based on the use of fine-grained calorimetry, to optimize the use of Particle Flow Algorithms (PFAs) in ...measuring hadronic jets. Instead of traditional tower geometry and energy summation from many sampling layers, the new approach measures energy deposition in 1 cm 2 cells on each sampling layer using discriminators. Jets are reconstructed using hit patterns from each layer, combined with information from inner tracking and the electromagnetic calorimeter. We have built a 480,000 channel prototype detector that is based on Resistive Plate Chambers (RPCs) to demonstrate this concept. The development is part of the CALICE Collaboration. The readout system uses a 64-channel custom integrated circuit called DCAL to record hits from each cell and apply a global timestamp. The chips mount directly on sophisticated front-end boards that are not only an integral part of the charge collection of the detector chambers, but also incorporate digital signal transmission, clock and control, and power and ground. The readout of data is serial, multiplexed into high-speed serial streams and sent to a "back-end" VME system for time-sorting and higher-level triggering. The system can be operated with an external trigger or be self-triggered, and can produce trigger signals from the front-end chips. The construction, installation, and commissioning of this prototype system is now complete. We have begun a measurement program using a test beam at Fermilab. An overview of the system is described. Experiences in building this large prototype system are reported. Results from the test beam are presented.
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