The development of metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) has had a significant impact on various fields of chemistry and materials science. Naturally, polymer science also exploited this novel type of ...material for various purposes, which is due to the defined porosity, high surface area, and catalytic activity of MOFs. The present review covers various topics of MOF/polymer research beginning with MOF‐based polymerization catalysis. Furthermore, polymerization inside MOF pores as well as polymerization of MOF ligands is described, which have a significant effect on polymer structures. Finally, MOF/polymer hybrid and composite materials are highlighted, encompassing a range of material classes, like bulk materials, membranes, and dispersed materials. In the course of the review, various applications of MOF/polymer combinations are discussed (e.g., adsorption, gas separation, drug delivery, catalysis, organic electronics, and stimuli‐responsive materials). Finally, past research is concluded and an outlook toward future development is provided.
The combination of metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) and polymers in various fields of research is highlighted. MOF‐governed polymerization catalysis and MOFs as a polymerization environment are covered, and the work on MOF/polymer composites and hybrid materials with respect to bulk materials, membranes, and dispersed materials are presented.
The photocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CRR) represents a promising route for the clean utilization of stranded renewable resources, but poor selectivity resulting from the competing hydrogen ...evolution reaction (HER) in aqueous solution limits its practical applicability. In the present contribution a photocatalyst with hydrophobic surfaces was fabricated. It facilitates an efficient three‐phase contact of CO2 (gas), H2O (liquid), and catalyst (solid). Thus, concentrated CO2 molecules in the gas phase contact the catalyst surface directly, and can overcome the mass‐transfer limitations of CO2, inhibit the HER because of lowering proton contacts, and overall enhance the CRR. Even when loaded with platinum nanoparticles, one of the most efficient HER promotion cocatalysts, the three‐phase photocatalyst maintains a selectivity of 87.9 %. Overall, three‐phase photocatalysis provides a general and reliable method to enhance the competitiveness of the CRR.
A photocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CRR) in aqueous solution is a promising reaction route, while severe H2 generation (HER) greatly limits its selectivity and activity. A strategy to obtain a three‐phase contact of CO2 (gas), H2O (liquid) and catalyst (solid) is described to overcome the mass transfer limitation of CO2, elevate the CO2 concentration on the catalyst surface, restrain the HER, and enhance the activity and selectivity of the CRR.
Polysaccharides have attracted considerable attention in a broad range of applications in recent years, which is due to their remarkable features such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, renewable ...origin, and facile modification. Considerable research efforts have been focused on developing polysaccharide nanoparticles and to promote their applications in various areas and biomedicine in particular. The present review highlights the properties of common polysaccharides used in nanoparticle formation as well as strategies to fabricate polysaccharide nanoparticles. Furthermore, the combination of polysaccharide nanoparticles and polymers is presented and brought into the context of applications. Finally, applications of polysaccharide nanoparticles as nano-delivery system, Pickering emulsion stabilisers, and material reinforcing agent in the fields of nanomedicine, cosmetics, and food system are highlighted. Moreover, this review describes and critically discusses present limitations and drawbacks in the preparation and use of polysaccharide nanoparticles, revealing directions to develop polysaccharide nanoparticles for further utilisation in various applications in the future.
Dynamic and adaptive materials are powerful constructs in macromolecular and polymer chemistry with a wide array of applications in drug delivery, bioactive systems, and self‐healing materials. Very ...often, dynamic materials are based on carefully tailored cyclodextrin host–guest interactions. The precise incorporation of these host and guest moieties into macromolecular building blocks allows the formation of complex macromolecular structures with predefined functions. Thus, dynamic materials with extraordinary adaptive property profiles—responsive to thermal, chemical, and photonic fields—become accessible. This Review explores the hierarchical formation of dynamic materials and complex macromolecular structures from the molecular via the macromolecular to the colloidal and macroscopic level, with a specific emphasis on the functionality and responsiveness of the assemblies, specifically in biological contexts.
A host of opportunities: Dynamic and adaptive materials play an important role in the chemistry of contemporary soft materials with applications in stimuli‐responsive, bioactive, delivery, and self‐healing systems. This Review highlights dynamic materials based on cyclodextrin host–guest chemistry and macromolecular building blocks.
Mesocrystalssuperstructures of crystalline nanoparticles that are aligned in a crystallographic fashionare of increasing interest for formation of inorganic materials with complex and sophisticated ...morphologies to tailor properties without changing chemical composition. Here we report morphogenesis of a novel mesocrystal consisting of nanoscale metal–organic frameworks (MOF) by using double hydrophilic block copolymer (DHBC) as a crystal modulator. DHBC selectively prefers the metastable hexagonal kinetic polymorph and promotes anisotropic crystal growth to generate hexagonal rod mesocrystals via oriented attachment and mesoscale assembly. The metastable nature of hexagonal mesocrystals enables further hierarchical morphogenesis by a solvent-mediated polymorphic transformation toward stable tetragonal mesocrystals that retain the outer hexagonal particle morphology. Furthermore, synthesis of hybrid MOFs, where hexagonal mesocrystals are vertically aligned on specific surfaces of cubic MOFs, is demonstrated. The present strategy opens a new avenue to create MOF mesocrystals and their hybrids with controlled size and morphology that can be designed for various potential applications.
A facile route to synthesize hydrophilically or hydrophobically grafted graphitic carbon nitride (g-CN) is reported. For this purpose, functionalized olefinic molecules with a low polymerization ...tendency are utilized for grafting onto the surface to preserve the features of g-CN while improving its dispersibility. One-pot, visible light-induced grafting yields highly dispersible g-CNs either in aqueous or organic media. Moreover, functional groups such as amines can be introduced, which yields pH-dependent dispersibility in aqueous media. Compared with unfunctionalized g-CN, low sonication times are sufficient to redisperse g-CN. In addition, because of increased dispersion stability, higher amounts of functionalized g-CN can be dispersed (up to 10% in aqueous dispersion and 2% in organic dispersion) when compared to unfunctionalized g-CN.
Multicompartment Hydrogels Schmidt, Bernhard V. K. J.
Macromolecular rapid communications.,
April 2022, Letnik:
43, Številka:
7
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Hydrogels belong to the most promising materials in polymer and materials science at the moment. As they feature soft and tissue‐like character as well as high water‐content, a broad range of ...applications are addressed with hydrogels, e.g., tissue engineering and wound dressings but also soft robotics, drug delivery, actuators, and catalysis. Ways to tailor hydrogel properties are crosslinking mechanisms, hydrogel shape, and reinforcement, but new features can be introduced by variation of hydrogel composition as well, e.g., via monomer choice, functionalization or compartmentalization. In particular, multicompartment hydrogels drive progress toward complex and highly functional soft materials. In the present review the latest developments in multicompartment hydrogels are highlighted with a focus on three types of compartments; micellar/vesicular, droplets, and multilayers including various subcategories. Furthermore, several morphologies of compartmentalized hydrogels and applications of multicompartment hydrogels will be discussed as well. Finally, an outlook toward future developments of the field will be given. The further development of multicompartment hydrogels is highly relevant for a broad range of applications and will have a significant impact on biomedicine and organic devices.
Multicompartment structures bring hydrogels on the next level of complexity. In this review the latest developments in multicompartment hydrogels are highlighted with a focus on micellar/vesicular, droplet, and multilayer compartments. Furthermore, morphologies of multicompartment hydrogels and applications are discussed.
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