Organization scholars since Max Weber have argued that formal personnel systems can prevent discrimination. We draw on sociological and psychological literatures to develop a theory of the varied ...effects of bureaucratic reforms on managerial motivation. Drawing on selfperception and cognitive-dissonance theories, we contend that initiatives that engage managers in promoting diversity—special recruitment and training programs—will increase diversity. Drawing on job-autonomy and self-determination theories, we contend that initiatives that limit managerial discretion in hiring and promotion—job tests, performance evaluations, and grievance procedures—will elicit resistance and produce adverse effects. Drawing on transparency and accountability theories, we contend that bureaucratic reforms that increase transparency for job-seekers and hiring managers—job postings and job ladders—will have positive effects. Finally, drawing on accountability theory, we contend that monitoring by diversity managers and federal regulators will improve the effects of bureaucratic reforms. We examine the effects of personnel innovations on managerial diversity in 816 U.S. workplaces over 30 years. Our findings help explain the nation's slow progress in reducing job segregation and inequality. Some popular bureaucratic reforms thought to quell discrimination instead activate it. Some of the most effective reforms remain rare.
A large theoretical literature in sociology connects increases in incarceration to contractions in the demand for labor. But previous research on how the labor market affects incarceration is often ...functionalist and seldom causal. This article estimates the effect of a shock to the southern agricultural labor market during a time when planters exerted a clear influence over whether workers or potential workers were incarcerated. From 1915 to 1920, a beetle called the boll weevil spread across the state of Georgia, causing cotton yields and the demand for agricultural workers to fall. Using archival records of incarceration in Georgia, the authors find that the boll weevil infestation increased the Black prison admission rate for property crimes by more than a third. The article describes the institutional conditions under which falling labor demand should increase incarceration, clarifies the relationship between incarceration and the economic institutions that replaced slavery, and contributes to a growing literature on incarceration and exploitation in the labor market.
Mass Imprisonment and Trust in the Law MULLER, CHRISTOPHER; SCHRAGE, DANIEL
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,
01/2014, Letnik:
651, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
This article examines the relationship between two facets of mass imprisonment—its novel comparative and historical scale and its pervasiveness in the lives of African Americans—and surveys ...respondents' beliefs about the harshness of the courts, and bias in the courts or among police. Analyses of national survey data show that as states' incarceration rates increased, so too did the probability that residents believed that courts were too harsh. However, while white Americans' opinions about the courts were sensitive to changes in the white incarceration rate, African Americans' opinions were not sensitive to changes in the African American incarceration rate. African American respondents who had been to prison or who had a close friend or family member who had been to prison were more likely to attribute racial disparities in incarceration to police bias and bias in the courts. The article concludes with a discussion of the possible consequences of declining trust in the law for the future of American punishment.
Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) integration into the National Airspace System (NAS) is an important goal of many members of the Aerospace community including stakeholders such as the military, law ...enforcement and potential civil users of UAS. However, integration efforts have remained relatively limited due to safety concerns. Due to the nature of UAS, safety predictions must look beyond the system itself and take the operating environment into account. A framework that can link UAS reliability and physical characteristics to the effects on the bystander population is required. This study proposes using a Target Level of Safety approach and an event tree format, populated with data from existing studies that share characteristics of UAS crashes to enable casualty prediction for UAS operations.
•A framework for predicting bystander casualties caused by UAS mishaps.•A method to facilitate UAS integration by linking system reliability to system safety.•A tool to help develop UAS certification standards.
Causal analyses typically focus on average treatment effects. Yet for substantive research on topics like inequality, interest extends to treatments’ distributional consequences. When individuals ...differ in their responses to treatment, three types of inequality may result. Treatment may shape inequalities between subgroups defined by pretreatment covariates, it may induce more inequality in one subgroup than another, or it may polarize people across multiple dimensions of well-being. We introduce a model, called a covariance regression, that captures all three types of inequality via the means, variances, and correlations between multiple outcomes. The model can test for heterogeneous treatment effects, quantify the heterogeneity, and explain its structure using covariates. Finding that a treatment creates inequalities could drive theoretical refinement and inform policy decisions (targeting groups where payoffs will be most predictable). We illustrate the utility of covariance regressions by analyzing the effects of sharing information about income inequality on redistributive preferences.
One of the most critical challenges to full integration of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) into the National Airspace System (NAS) is the requirement to comply with CFR 14 Part 91.113 to “see and ...avoid” other aircraft. Various attempts have been made to develop systems to “sense and avoid” other aircraft so UAS can comply with the intent of the regulation. This article proposes a framework to develop effectiveness requirements for any SAA system by linking UAS characteristics and operating environments to midair collision risk quantified by a fatality rate. The framework consists of a target level of safety (TLS) approach using an event tree format. Safety has been identified as the most important consideration in the UAS integration process. While safety can be defined in many ways, the authors propose using a fatality rate metric that follows other statistics used in the industry. This metric allows for the use of a TLS approach to the development of SAA requirements for system certification. Failure to adequately link system requirements to safety could result in the implementation of SAA systems that either do not adequately mitigate the risk associated with UAS operations or are overdesigned, resulting in increased cost and complexity. This article demonstrates the use of the proposed framework to develop specific SAA effectiveness standards based on UAS weight and airspace class combinations.
The aim of this dissertation is to examine how urban spatial structure, including the patterning and location of a city's residents and its jobs, affects racial inequality in the labor market. One ...key mechanism through which this happens is spatial mismatch. Research on spatial mismatch has been both voluminous and inconclusive, with broadly mixed results across a wide range of particular contexts and research designs. One important reason for this is that the bulk of studies exploring spatial mismatch have been cross-sectional and limited to narrow geographic contexts (typically single-city studies). This broad variation in context and method makes it unsurprising that this body of research has not produced a consistent set of findings. In this dissertation, I use novel data on private employers that covers that full U.S. in the period 1971--2011 to explore the effects of spatial mismatch across a range of geographic contexts, over time, for different groups, and using different methods to build a comprehensive picture of how the spatial organization of labor markets interacts with racially patterned housing to produce inequality in the labor market and beyond.
A method is demonstrated that utilizes covariate theory to generate a multi-response component failure distribution as a function of pertinent operational parameters. Where traditional covariate ...theory uses actual measured life data, a modified approach is used herein to utilize life values generated by computer simulation models. The result is a simulation-based component life distribution function in terms of time and covariate parameters for each failure response. A multivariate joint probability covariate model is proposed by combining the covariate marginal failure distributions with the Nataf transformation approach. Evaluation of the joint probability model produced significant improvement in joint probability predictions as compared to the independent series event approach. The proposed methods are executed for a nominal aircraft engine system to demonstrate the assessment of multi-response system reliability driven by a dual mode turbine blade component failure scenario as a function of operational parameters.
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