The synthesis of carbohydrate‐heterocycle hybrid molecules has led to several interesting biologically active products. In this work, we have developed an annulative process for the formation of ...novel C2‐symmetrical 1,4‐dioxane‐carbohydrate hybrid compounds. Starting from simple sugars, original 6‐6‐6 heterocyclic frameworks were isolated. The dioxane units adopted a rare 1,4 twist‐boat conformations in the liquid and solid‐states. Synthetic derivatization allowed the preparation of C2‐symmetrical glycomimetics that could be used for further biological investigations.
Annulation of carbohydrates yielded dimeric 1,4‐dioxane‐sugar hybrids with 6‐6‐6 heterocyclic frameworks. Chemical derivatization allowed the preparation of novel C2‐symmetrical glycomimetics.
Abstract
The synthesis of carbohydrate‐heterocycle hybrid molecules has led to several interesting biologically active products. In this work, we have developed an annulative process for the ...formation of novel
C
2
‐symmetrical 1,4‐dioxane‐carbohydrate hybrid compounds. Starting from simple sugars, original 6‐6‐6 heterocyclic frameworks were isolated. The dioxane units adopted a rare 1,4 twist‐boat conformations in the liquid and solid‐states. Synthetic derivatization allowed the preparation of
C
2
‐symmetrical glycomimetics that could be used for further biological investigations.
Starch retrogradation is a consequential part of food processing that greatly impacts the texture and acceptability of products containing both starch and proteins, but the effect of proteins on ...starch retrogradation has only recently been explored. With the increased popularity of plant‐based proteins in recent years, incorporation of proteins into starch‐based products is more commonplace. These formulation changes may have unforeseen effects on ingredient functionality and sensory outcomes of starch‐containing products during storage, which makes the investigation of protein–starch interactions and subsequent impact on starch retrogradation and product quality essential. Protein can inhibit or promote starch retrogradation based on its exposed residues. Charged residues promote charge–dipole interactions between starch‐bound phosphate and protein, hydrophobic groups restrict amylose release and reassociation, while hydrophilic groups impact water/molecular mobility. Covalent bonds (disulfide linkages) formed between proteins may enhance starch retrogradation, while glycosidic bonds formed between starch and protein during high‐temperature processing may limit starch retrogradation. With these protein–starch interactions in mind, products can be formulated with proteins that enhance or delay textural changes in starch‐containing products. Future work to understand the impact of starch–protein interactions on retrogradation should focus on integrating the fields of proteomics and carbohydrate chemistry. This interdisciplinary approach should result in better methods to characterize mechanisms of interaction between starch and proteins to optimize their food applications. This review provides useful interpretations of current literature characterizing the mechanistic effect of protein on starch retrogradation.
To assist increasing annual acreage of Texas-grown (U.S.A.) strawberries, it is essential to select cultivars with excellent plant and fruit quality characteristics suitable to the diverse ...environments. This study assessed multiple traits of 10 strawberry cultivars grown under high tunnels. A significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) was observed for all traits, which possessed a wide variability of metabolites. Plant analysis (number of live plants, plant vigor, and harvest yield) indicated that the yield ranged from 226 to 431 g/plant, positively correlated to plant vigor. Fruit physicochemical characteristic analysis, including red color (absorbance at 500 nm) and taste-associated indicators °Brix, titratable acidity (TA), and total soluble solids (TSS)/TA, showed that °Brix and TSS/TA ranged from 8.0 to 12.9 and from 9.1 to 15.3, respectively. More than 300 volatiles were identified using solid-phase microextraction–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and total volatiles varied 1.5 times with high variance of individual compounds between cultivars. Descriptive sensory analysis indicated that strawberry flavor was positively associated with sensory attributes of sweetness, jammy, fruity, buttery, fresh, and creamy while negatively related to bitterness, astringency, and sourness. Partial least squares regression indicated that strawberry flavor was highly correlated with sweet taste and volatile composition. No specific relationship between these traits and day-neutral or June-bearing varieties was identified. Ideal cultivars for Texas growing conditions with superior and balanced flavor qualities were Albion, Sweet Charlie, Camarosa, Camino Real, and Chandler.
To describe adult outcome of people with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosed in childhood and its several key predictors via a review of 7 North American controlled prospective ...follow-up studies: Montreal, New York, Milwaukee, Pittsburgh, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Berkeley, and 7-site Multimodal Treatment Study of Children With ADHD (MTA).
All studies were prospective and followed children with a diagnosis of ADHD and an age- and gender-matched control group at regular intervals from childhood (6-12 years of age) through adolescence into adulthood (20-40 years of age), evaluating symptom and syndrome persistence, functional outcomes, and predictors of these outcomes.
The rates of ADHD syndrome persistence ranged from 5.7% to 77%, likely owing to varying diagnostic criteria and the source of information (self-report vs informant report) across the studies. However, all studies observed high rates of symptomatic persistence ranging from 60% to 86%. The 7 studies were largely consistent in finding that relative to control groups, research participants with childhood-diagnosed ADHD had significant impairments in the areas of educational functioning, occupational functioning, mental health, and physical health as well as higher rates of substance misuse, antisocial behavior, and unsafe driving. The most consistently observed predictors of functional outcomes included ADHD persistence and comorbidity, especially with disruptive behavior disorders.
Childhood ADHD has high rates of symptomatic persistence, which is associated with negative functional outcomes. Characteristics that predict these negative outcomes, such as comorbid disruptive behavior disorders, may be important targets for intervention.
Aim
To describe the routine follow‐up of preterm infants by different District Health Boards (DHBs) in New Zealand (NZ), and to compare current practice with international guidelines.
Methods
A ...descriptive survey of the existing routine follow‐up management of preterm infants in NZ. From November 2015 until January 2016, a questionnaire was sent out across NZ to one paediatrician (n = 24) and one Child Development Service (CDS) (n = 20) from each DHB. All paediatricians responded and 85% of the CDSs responded. Responses were collated and compared to recommendations from paediatric literature.
Results
There is tremendous variation across NZ of the eligibility criteria for routine preterm follow‐up. Overall, a gestational age of <32 weeks and/or birthweight <1500 g was the most commonly used indication for routine preterm follow‐up. The timing of visits and the assessments that were performed varied enormously. Respondents commonly reported that limited funding and resources prevented optimal follow‐up management.
Conclusion
There is regional disparity in the routine follow‐up that preterm infants receive in NZ. A standardised approach to follow‐up of preterm infants across NZ, as recommended in the literature, is difficult due to the lack of funding and resources.
Le présent mémoire consiste en une analyse thématique des représentations féminines dans l’œuvre de Satoshi Kon, de Perfect Blue à Paprika. L’objectif de ce travail est de démontrer que ces images de ...la femme reflètent la place des femmes dans la société japonaise contemporaine. À cet effet, nous avons examiné les films du réalisateur selon l’approche des études féministes du cinéma. Nous avons divisé notre analyse en trois thèmes : la violence, la sexualité et le double.
Il apparaît que les représentations féminines des longs-métrages de Kon possèdent effectivement des parallèles au sein la société nippone actuelle. Le réalisateur emploie des figures et des motifs narratifs communs au Japon et l’anime afin de produire et reproduire les stéréotypes de genre. Par ailleurs, il utilise les éléments filmiques et les particularités du médium de l’anime pour appuyer ces définitions des rôles sexuels.
Cette étude est originale par son angle d’approche féministe et psychanalytique qui est rarement adopté par les théoriciens de l’anime. Les études portant sur ce médium sont d’ailleurs récentes et s’intéressent généralement à l’esthétique de l’anime ou à la formation d’une identité nationale japonaise plutôt qu’à la construction du genre dans un média de culture populaire.
The present thesis consists of a thematic analysis of the feminine representations in Satoshi Kon’s work, from Perfect Blue to Paprika. Our objective is to demonstrate that these female depictions reflect the status of women in contemporary japanese society. To this end, we examined the director’s movies according to feminist film theory. Also, we separated our analysis in three themes : violence, sexuality and the double.
It seems that Kon’s feminine representations possess parallels to the present Japanese society. Indeed, the director uses figures and narrative motifs common to Japan and anime in order to produce and reproduce gender stereotypes. In addition, he utilizes filmic elements and the particularities of the anime medium to support these definitions of sexual roles.
This study is original in its feminist and psychoanalytic approach which is rarely employed by anime theorists. Furthermore, the studies regarding this medium are fairly new and usually focus on the anime easthetic and the establishment of a Japanese national identity rather than the construction of gender in a popular culture media.
La quête vers de nouveaux squelettes moléculaires en est une dont la communauté scientifique n'est pas près de se lasser. Dans un objectif de découvrir de nouvelles entités chimiques aux propriétés ...biologiques intéressantes, la glycochimie peut faire preuve d'avantages attrayants. Les glucides permettent d'atteindre des caractéristiques désirables de manières efficaces comme la chiralité et la fonctionnalisation. De plus, les glucides sont une des classes de biomolécules les plus importantes. Ils contribuent à une panoplie de processus biochimiques. L'étude de ces mécanismes d'actions n'est guère complétée. Cependant, elle promet de faire progresser le domaine pharmaceutique et par le fait même, notre société. Ce mémoire tente de démontrer l'importance de la glycochimie afin de faciliter la préparation de nouvelles molécules hétérocycliques. Conjointement, la chimie des hétérocycles et la glycochimie peuvent constituer un réel intérêt pour la chimie médicinale. Les travaux présentés ont comme objectif d'illustrer les défis reliés à la synthèse d'hétérocycles et l'importance du rôle de la glycochimie dans ce domaine en expansion. La découverte d'une route synthétique inédite nous a permis d'obtenir efficacement un squelette hétérocyclique possédant une grande densité de centres chiraux autrement difficilement atteignable. Nos activités de recherche visent à effectuer une diversification moléculaire de ce squelette. Pour ce faire, nous avons d'abord effectué une optimisation de la réaction clé d'annélation. Nous avons par la suite tenté la préparation de différents analogues de ce patron, puis décrit la synthèse d'une variété de glycomimétiques à partir de ceux-ci. Le motif 1,4-dioxane de ces derniers possède une conformation particulière. De plus, cette nouvelle classe de composés possède le potentiel d'être intéressante d'un point de vue biologique. Ces résultats ouvrent la voie vers de nouveaux outils pertinents pour la chimie médicinale.
To this day, there is still a growing interest from the scientific community towards the discovery of novel molecular scaffolds. In a goal to discover new biologically interesting chemical entities, glycochemistry has compelling benefits. The use of carbohydrates allows to effectively attain important characteristics such as chirality and functionalization. Moreover, carbohydrates are one of the most important class of biomolecules as they contribute to a vast array of biochemical processes. To this day, many of their mechanisms of action still need to be studied; however, these results will certainly make the pharmaceutical field progress. This master's thesis attempts to demonstrate the importance of glycochemistry to facilitate the preparation of heterocycles. Together, heterocyclic and carbohydrate chemistry pose a real interest for medicinal chemistry. The work presented has for goal to illustrate the challenges associated with the synthesis of heterocycles and the importance of glycochemistry in this flourishing field. The identification of an unprecedented heterocyclic framework gave us access to a scaffold with a high density of chirality otherwise difficult to achieve. With the intention of performing synthetic derivatization of this new entity, we first optimized the key annulative dimerization reaction. We then attempted the preparation of different analogues of this scaffold, as well as the synthesis of a variety of glycomimetics from these compounds. The 1,4-dioxane patterns have a rare conformation in the liquid and solid-states. Moreover, this novel class of heterocyclic compounds could demonstrate biological potential. These results could lead the way towards new synthetic tools for medicinal chemistry.
