Across the world, as well as in Croatia, there is a continuous increase in the consumption of chicken meat, and attempts are being made in modern poultry production to improve its quality as much as ...possible by using various natural additives. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of dietary supplementation with propolis and bee pollen on the quality of chicken meat. In order to determine this effect, the carcass body weight of slaughtered chickens and carcass yield were determined, as well as the average pH1 and pH2 of chicken breast muscle, drip loss values, and skin color and chicken breast muscle color expressed as values of L* (lightness), a* (redness), and b* (yellowness). The study was conducted on 200 Ross 308 chickens, divided into five groups. Throughout the study, the control group of chickens was fed with a basal diet, while the experimental groups of chickens were fed with the basal diet supplemented with propolis and bee pollen, each supplement given separately or in combination in specific proportions. At the end of the experiment (42nd day), 10 chickens from each group were slaughtered for the analyses mentioned above. The carcass yield values were significantly higher (P = 0.038) and the drip loss values were significantly lower (P = 0.003) in the experimental groups in comparison to the control group. In addition, there was a statistically significant difference in b* skin color (P = 0.017) and b* chicken breast muscle color (P<0.001) between the groups of chickens. The study showed that dietary supplementation with propolis and bee pollen has a significant positive effect on the quality of chicken meat.
A total of 96 Black Slavonian pigs were subjected to the research, in which they were split into 6 groups. Three groups (100, 120, and 130 kg) were fed a higher level (HL) of crude protein in fodder ...mixtures (CPFM), and three groups (100, 120, and 130 kg) were fed a lower level (LL) of CPFM. After the pigs were slaughtered, pig carcasses were dissected and the meat and halves quality indicators were determined. According to the influence of the final body weight (BW) and nutrition of pigs on the quality of their halves, meat, and dry fermented sausages (kulens), it was concluded that feeding an HL of CPFM increased the proportion of loin, belly rib part, and chin and increased the muscle tissue in the ham, loin, shoulder, neck, and belly rib parts. However, the chemical composition of the meat and the sensory properties of the kulen were not significantly affected by feeding the pigs an HL of CPFM. It was concluded that, by selecting the final BW and adjusting the feeding strategies for pigs, it is possible to modify the conformation and composition of pig carcasses and the quality of meat and kulens produced from the Black Slavonian pig, which is important because consumers prefer products with certain characteristics and of a standard quality and are ready to pay for them.
The Black Slavonian pig is an autochthonous Croatian breed, lard production type created by planned crossing at the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Due to lower productivity, black ...Slavonian pig was suppressed by meat pig breeds. For its preservation, the state also provides monetary incentives. In the long term, preserving the biodiversity of black Slavonian pigs is only possible on an economic basis, through the production of traditional meat products (kulen, ham, bacon, cracklings, fresh meat) with added value. With this in mind, it is necessary to standardize the quality of produced pigs and meat products, so that they become a recognizable brand on the domestic and foreign markets.
Crna slavonska svinja autohtona je hrvatska pasmina, polumasnoga tipa, nastala planskim križanjem krajem 19. i početkom 20. stoljeća. Zbog niže proizvodnosti, potisnule su ju mesnate pasmine svinja. ...Za njeno očuvanje država daje i novčane poticaje. Dugoročno, očuvanje biorazličitosti crne slavonske svinje moguće je samo na ekonomskoj osnovi, kroz proizvodnju tradicionalnih mesnih proizvoda (kulen, šunka, slanina, čvarci, svježe meso) s dodanom vrijednošću. U tome pravcu, potrebno je standardizirati kvalitetu proizvedenih svinja i mesnih proizvoda, kako bi postali prepoznatljivi brend (marka) na domaćem i inozemnome tržištu.
Uz genotip svinja, hranidba je drugi važan čimbenik uspješnoga tova svinja do većih tjelesnih masa, za proizvodnju tradicionalnih trajnih mesnih proizvoda (šunke, pršuti, kobasice, kuleni i dr.). ...Način hranidbe svinja ovisan je o genotipu (masni, polumasni ili mesni) i sustavu držanja (otvoreni, poluotvoreni, zatvoreni). U interakciji genotipa svinja i načina hranidbe postiže se specifična kvaliteta tovnih svinja i posljedično, odgovarajuća kvaliteta tradicionalnih trajnih mesnih proizvoda.
The fertile Slavonia is known for production of several types of cured meats: kulen, kulen sis, sausage, ham and bacon, and other pork products (“krvavica” - blood sausage, “švargl” - a type of brawn ...where chopped parts of head are stuffed inside the pig’s stomach, “čvarci” - a variant of pork crisps, fat). These products require “mature pigs” of adequate slaughter quality. Production of pigs intended for traditional meat products may take place in different production systems (open, closed, semi-open, “organic”). Each of these systems provides a specific quality of pigs for slaughter, reflecting on the quality of the final product. Production systems can have a significant impact on growth performance and carcass and meat quality of pigs. This effect arises from the interaction between housing conditions, the amount and composition of food and used pig genotype. The choice of a production system depends on local production conditions, pig genotype, consumer demand (market) for a given product quality, and other factors. Due to their quality, the traditional Slavonian meat products can become a recognizable Croatian brand in both domestic and international markets. Production of standard quality products requires standard quality of pigs. Therefore this book is focused on such pigs production.
Istraživanje je provedeno s po 24 svinje iz otvorenoga (ekstenzivnoga) i poluotvorenoga (poluintenzivnoga) sustava, od kojih su 12 muških kastrata i 12 nazimica. Svinje u oba sustava bile su tovljene ...do 100 kg (n = 12) i 130 kg (n = 12) tjelesne mase. Svinje iz otvorenoga sustava hranjene su na pašnjaku i na strništima, uz minimalno prihranjivanje kukuruzom (150g/dan) tijekom zime, kada nema zelene mase. Svinje iz poluotvorenoga sustava hranjene su po volji obrokom kombiniranim od krmne smjese i zelene lucerne. Krmna smjesa u prvoj fazi tova (30 - 60 kg tjelesne mase) imala je 14% sirovih proteina i 13,37 MJ ME/kg, a u drugoj fazi tova (60 – 130 kg tjelesne mase) imala je 12% sirovih proteina i 13,34 MJ ME/kg. Disekcija ohlađenih (+4°C) desnih svinjskih polovica obavljena je prema modificiranoj metodi Wenigera i sur. (1963.). Prema ovoj modifikaciji nije disecirana glava. Kvaliteta mesa (Muscullus longissimus dorsi) istražena je u pogledu pH vrijednosti, sposobnosti vezanja vode i boje. Mesnatost svinjskih polovica bila je veća kod svinja manjih tjelesnih masa (100 kg) u odnosu na svinje većih tjelesnih masa (130 kg) u oba sustava držanja, ali su te razlike bile značajne (p<0,05) samo u poluotvorenome sustavu. Svinje iz otvorenoga sustava imale su mesnatije polovice u odnosu na svinje iz poluotvorenoga sustava i pri manjim (100 kg) i pri većim (130 kg) tjelesnim masama, ali ne i statistički značajno (p>0,05) (49,23% i 44.99%; 46,56% i 42,82%). Utvrđen je značajan utjecaj sustava držanja i tjelesne mase svinja na neke pokazatelje kvalitete mesa. Meso svinja manje tjelesne mase iz otvorenog sustava imalo je značajno više (p<0,01) sirovih proteina od mesa svinja istih tjelesnih masa u poluotvorenom sustavu, kao i meso svinja veće tjelesne mase u odnosu na meso svinja manje tjelesne mase u poluotvorenome sustavu.
The research was carried out on 24 pigs kept in the outdoor (extensive) and 24 pigs kept in the semi-outdoor (semi-intensive) keeping system. In each group there were 12 barrows and 12 gilts. Pigs in both systems were fattened up to 100kg (n=12) and 130kg (n=12) body weight. The pigs from the indoor system were grazing on pastures and stubble-fields, with minimum addition of corn (150 g/day) during winter, when there is no green forage, whereas the pigs kept in the semi-outdoor system were fed ad libitum a combination of feed mixture and green alfalfa. The feed mixture used in the first fattening phase (30 - 60 kg body weight) contained 14% crude protein and 13.37MJ ME/kg, and in the second phase (60-130kg body weight) it contained 12% crude protein and 13.34MJ ME/kg. Dissection of cooled (+4°C) right half-carcasses was carried out according to modified Weniger et al. method (1963). Meat quality (Muscullus longissimus dorsi) was examined in terms of the pH value, water binding capacity and colour. The pH1 value of meat was determined 45 minutes post mortem and pH2 value 24 hours post mortem, by means of the pH-meter Mettler Toledo. Water binding capacity was determined according to Grau and Hamm (1952), and colour (CIE – L, a and b values) by means of a Minolta CR-410 chroma meter. Statistical processing of research results, variance analysis, was carried out by means of Stat. Soft. Inc. 2012. Meatiness of half-carcasses in both production systems was higher in pigs of lower body weight (100kg), compared to pigs of higher body weight (130kg). However, these differences were significant (p<0.05) only in the pigs kept in the semi-outdoor system. Pigs from the indoor system had meatier carcasses in relation to pigs from the semi-outdoor system both at lower (100 kg) and higher (130 kg) body weights, but it was not statistically significant (p>0.05) (49.23% and 44.99% : 46.56% and 42.82%). A significant influence of the keeping system and body weight was detected for some indicators of meat quality. Meat of pigs of lower body weight from the outdoor system had a significantly higher (p<0.01) level of crude protein than meat of pigs kept in the semi-outdoor system at the same body weight. No significant differences were detected in terms of crude fat content, regardless of the production system and body weight of pigs.
The largest increase was also found for sheep meat, beef and pork, while in dairy production the largest increase was in goat milk, as well as production of cheese. According to the data of the ...Croatian Chamber of Economy, cited in the Ministry of Agriculture's Annual Report on the State of Agriculture in year 2018, it was pointed out that the annual value of the Croatian market of organic products is around 100 million EUR, which is certainly not negligible, while the share of consumption of organic products in total consumption is 2.2%. ...the aim of this paper is to present the state and perspectives of the development of organic livestock farming in the Republic of Croatia, by analyzing the period of the recent five years. (2016) limiting factors in the development of organic agriculture are depopulation of rural areas, unfavorable educational structure, insufficient education of farmers and consumers of organic products, problems with unresolved land ownership along with numerous cropped and scattered land areas as well as mined areas. According to the analysis of production over the past five years, the largest increase was recorded for maize (dry grain) by 395.36%, soybeans by 395.05% and wheat and spelt by 380.28%.
The aim of the present study was to analyze the situation in organic livestock farming in Croatia and Europe. In the European countries in the year 2017, around 4.5 million cattle, 5.2 million sheep, ...1 million pigs and 50 million poultry were registered in organic farming. The highest share of organically registered domestic animals compared to the total population in Europe and the European Union-28 was in cattle (3.5% and 5.2%) and sheep (3.4% and 5.0%), and the lowest in pigs (0.6% and 0.7%). In Croatia the highest share is in sheep (8.57%) and the lowest in poultry (0.02%) number. The largest increase in recent ten years in the EU has been in the number of poultry (by 103%) and the smallest in the number of pigs (by 47.6%), while the increase was the number of cattle and sheep was around 76% and 74%, respectively. In Croatia organic sheep production increased the most (by 65.0%), while the number of cattle and poultry increased by 62 and 64%, and the smallest increase is in the number of pigs (by 24%). The majority of organic meat of all species of domestic animals is produced in France and in United Kingdom, while organic milk is produced mostly in Germany and France. During the year 2018, most organic beef was produced in the UK and France, organic pork in France and Finland, organic sheep meat in Spain and the UK, organic goat meat in Spain, while most of organic poultry was produced in France and in the UK. A significant increase in the number of livestock in organic farming in Europe and in Croatia indicates an increasing interest in organic livestock farming, not only increase of farmers and processors but also increase of consumers of organic products in European countries.
Cilj je ovoga istraživanja bio analizirati situaciju u ekološkom stočarstvu u Republici Hrvatskoj i Europi. U europskim zemljama 2017. u ekološkim uzgojima, evidentirano je oko 4,5 milijuna goveda, 5,2 milijuna ovaca, oko 1 milijun svinja te oko 50 miljuna peradi. Najveći udio ekološki registriranih domaćih životinja u usporedbi s ukupnom populacijom u Europi i EU-28 je za goveda (3,5% i 5,2%) i ovce (3,4% i 5,0%), a najniži za svinje (0,6% i 0,7%). Najviši udio u Republici Hrvatskoj je ovaca (8.57%), a najniži peradi (0,02%). Najveće povećanje u zadnjih deset godina u EU je broja peradi (za 103%), a najmanje broja svinja (za 47,6%), dok je povećanje broja goveda i ovaca bilo oko 76% i 74%. U Republici Hrvatskoj u ekološkim uzgojima najviše je povećan broj ovaca (za oko 65,0%), dok je broj goveda i peradi porastao za oko 62 i 64%, a najmanje je povećan broj svinja (za oko 24%). Najviše je ekološkog mesa svih domaćih životinja proizvedeno u Francuskoj i Velikoj Britaniji, a ekološkog mlijeka u Njemačkoj i Francuskoj. Tijekom 2018. godine proizvedeno je najviše ekološkog goveđeg mesa u Velikoj Britaniji i Francuskoj, ekološkog svinjskog mesa u
Francuskoj i Finskoj, ekološkog ovčjeg mesa u Španjolskoj i Velikoj Britaniji, ekološkog kozjeg mesa u Španjolskoj, a ekološkog mesa peradi u
Francuskoj i Velikoj Britaniji. Utvrđeno značajno povećanje broja domaćih životinja u ekološkim uzgojima u Europi i u RH ukazuje na sve veći interes za ekološkim stočarstvom ne samo uzgajivača i prerađivača nego i konzumenata ekoloških proizvoda u europskim zemljama.
Republika Hrvatska zbog svojih klimatskih, zemljopisnih i tradicijskih osobitosti ima bogatu tradiciju proizvodnje i pripreme različitih suhomesnatih proizvoda koji se odlikuju posebnom kvalitetom i ...tradicionalnim načinom proizvodnje. Šunka i pršut su tako među najpoznatijim suhomesnatim proizvodima kod nas, a kategoriziramo ih kao trajne suhomesnate proizvode od svinjskog mesa. Razlika između šunki i pršuta je u obradi butova i tehnologiji proizvodnje. Najpoznatija hrvatska šunka je slavonska šunka koja se proizvodi od obrađenog svinjskog buta iz kojega se vadi križna kost (os sacrum) i zdjelične kosti (bočna sjedna i preponska) te se donji rub buta polukružno zaobli, kako bi bio oko 6 cm od glave bedrene kosti. Nakon toga u but se utrljava sol (suho soljenje/salamurenje) ili se but potapa u salamuru (vlažno solenje/salamurenje) kroz 30 dana, poslije čega slijedi dimljenje (sušenje) na dimu drveta ili strugotine jasena, bukve, graba ili hrasta. Po završetku dimljenja pristupa se završnoj fazi tzv. zrenju šunki, u posebnim prostorijama s optimalnom mikroklimom, kroz 7-8 mjeseci, ovisno o masi buta. Najpoznatiji hrvatski pršuti su: Dalmatinski pršut, Istarski pršut, Drniški pršut i Krčki pršut. Ovi pršuti razlikuju se po tehnologiji proizvodnje, a prema Pravilniku o mesnim proizvodima koji je na snazi u Republici Hrvatskoj, svi ti pršuti su proizvodi od svinjskog buta sa kostima, sa ili bez kože i potkožnog masnog tkiva, sa ili bez nogice, i zdjeličnih kostiju, bez repa, sa ili bez dodataka začina, koji se konzerviraju postupkom suhog soljenja ili salamurenja, sa ili bez dimljenja te podvrgnutim procesima sušenja i zrenja kroz najmanje 9 mjeseci. Da bi se proizvela kvalitetna šunka ili pršut, neophodno je osigurati kvalitetnu osnovnu sirovinu (meso buta). Na kvalitetu svinjskih polovica utječe uz genetske (genotip svinja) i niz paragenetskih čimbenika: hranidba, sustav držanja, dob svinja, spol, kastracija, završna tjelesna masa svinja, postupak sa svinjama prije klanja, tehnologija proizvodnje šunki i pršuta (primarna obrada butova, soljenje, dimljenje, zrenje). Cilj ovoga rada je prikazati kako povezano djelovanje ovih čimbenika utječe na kvalitetu šunki i pršuta.
Due to its climatic, geographical and traditional aspects, the Republic of Croatia has a rich tradition of production and preparation of various cured meat products that are characterized by a special quality and traditional method of production. Ham and prosciutto are thus among the most famous cured meat products in Croatia, and are categorized as permanent cured meat pork products. The difference between ham and prosciutto is in the processing of the legs and the production technology. The most famous is Slavonian ham, which is made from processed pork leg with removed sacrum and pelvic bones, whereas the thigh lower edge is semi circularly rounded to about 6 cm from the femoral head. Afterwards, salt (wet salting/brine) is rubbed into the leg or the leg is immersed in brine (dry salting/brine), for 30 days followed by smoking by wood smoke or by ash, beech, hornbeam or oak sawdust smoke. After smoking follows the final stage of hams maturing which takes place in special rooms with a optimal microclimate for 7-8 months, depending on the hem weight. The most famous Croatian prosciuttos are: Dalmatian prosciutto, Istrian prosciutto, Drniš prosciutto and Krk prosciutto. These hams differ in production technology, and according to the Ordinance on meat products which is in force in the Republic of Croatia, all these hams are pork leg products with bones, with or without skin and subcutaneous fat, with or without legs, and pelvic bones, without tail, with or without the addition of spices, preserved by dry salting or brining, with or without smoking and subjected to drying and maturing processes for at least 9 months. In order to produce quality ham or prosciutto, it is necessary to provide a quality basic raw material (ham meat). The quality of pig carcasses is affected by genetic (pig’s genotype) and a number of paragenetic factors: nutrition, housing system, age of pigs, sex, castration, final body weight of pigs, procedure with pigs before slaughter, ham and prosciutto production technology (primary processing of hams, salting, smoking, ripening). The aim of this paper is to show how the combined action of these factors affects the quality of hams and prosciutto.
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