Between the land and ocean, diverse coastal ecosystems transform, store, and transport material. Across these interfaces, the dynamic exchange of energy and matter is driven by hydrological and ...hydrodynamic processes such as river and groundwater discharge, tides, waves, and storms. These dynamics regulate ecosystem functions and Earth's climate, yet global models lack representation of coastal processes and related feedbacks, impeding their predictions of coastal and global responses to change. Here, we assess existing coastal monitoring networks and regional models, existing challenges in these efforts, and recommend a path towards development of global models that more robustly reflect the coastal interface.
In this paper we examine the different coping mechanisms used by customers when they confront service failure. It was found that the coping mechanism used by customers changes depending on the ...severity of the service failure. Further, it was observed that brand reputation moderates the relationship between severity of service failure and coping strategies, customer satisfaction and behavioral intentions under different conditions. We conducted an experimental study in an airline travel context. The data supports the proposed model.
We are yet to completely understand the transmission dynamics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a highly infectious disease, and research exploring the same is currently lacking. Hence, a ...community-based cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the intra-familial transmission pattern of COVID-19 among the rural residents of Ahmedabad, Gujarat, in relation to possible determinants, with a special focus on the viral load as an important factor. This cross-sectional study included visiting 195 families. We interviewed families with at least one case of COVID-19 infection. We recorded information about sociodemographic profiles and secondary transmission of cases. Out of the 195 families, 114 confirmed having at least one infected case within the family. Approximately 38.6% (44/114) of the index cases were asymptomatic, which was much higher than the low viral load index cases. Index cases with high, moderate, and low viral loads had transmitted the infection with an average of 3.3, 1.5, 0.4 secondary cases per index case, respectively. Approximately one-third of the COVID-19 cases were asymptomatic, and the affected individuals were capable of transmitting the disease within families. Moreover, index cases with a higher viral load had a higher transmission potential to generate more secondary cases, as compared to those with a low viral load.
Turbulence has remained an unsolved problem in physics, despite the availability of some numerical results. The onset and growth of disturbances leading to two- and three-dimensional turbulence have ...been theoretically and computationally shown for wall excitation with the response having modal and nonmodal components in the spectrum. The nonmodal component is seen to be dominant. Here, we conclusively show the nonmodal growth for a transition to turbulence, with the same equilibrium flow excited from the free stream with results from linearized and nonlinear two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations. We establish that transition to turbulence definitely requires nonlinearity, even if the onset process is similar to a linear mechanism. Thus, the transition to turbulence in wall-bounded flows is due to a nonmodal nonlinear mechanism for any disturbance.
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