We conducted an analysis of global forest cover to reveal that 70% of remaining forest is within 1 km of the forest's edge, subject to the degrading effects of fragmentation. A synthesis of ...fragmentation experiments spanning multiple biomes and scales, five continents, and 35 years demonstrates that habitat fragmentation reduces biodiversity by 13 to 75% and impairs key ecosystem functions by decreasing biomass and altering nutrient cycles. Effects are greatest in the smallest and most isolated fragments, and they magnify with the passage of time. These findings indicate an urgent need for conservation and restoration measures to improve landscape connectivity, which will reduce extinction rates and help maintain ecosystem services.
This study presents data from a large sample of clinic-evaluated sexual assault survivors (N = 1,667) in Ethiopia between 2009 and 2015, one of the largest such samples ever analyzed in an African ...country. Statistical analyses revealed a disproportionate number of minors presenting to the clinics, an extremely high prevalence of special kidnapping cases, significant differences in access and assault characteristics between survivors from within the clinic cities and those from outside of them, and an unacceptable clinical focus on unreliable hymenal findings. In addition, a myriad of important findings regarding patient characteristics, as well as injury and medical outcomes, are reported.
X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM) facilitates high-sensitivity quantitative imaging of trace metals at high spatial resolution over large sample areas and can be applied to a diverse range of ...biological samples. Accurate determination of elemental content from recorded spectra requires proper calibration of the XFM instrument under the relevant operating conditions. Here, we describe the manufacture, characterization, and utilization of multi-element thin-film reference foils for use in calibration of XFM measurements of biological and other specimens. We have used these internal standards to assess the two-dimensional distribution of trace metals in a thin tissue section of a rat hippocampus. The data used in this study was acquired at the XFM beamline of the Australian Synchrotron using a new 384-element array detector (Maia) and at beamline 2-ID-E at the Advanced Photon Source. Post-processing of samples by different fixation techniques was investigated, with the conclusion that differences in solvent type and sample handling can significantly alter elemental content. The present study highlights the quantitative capability, high statistical power, and versatility of the XFM technique for mapping trace metals in biological samples, e.g., brain tissue samples in order to help understand neurological processes, especially when implemented in conjunction with a high-performance detector such as Maia.
Micrographic features generated by electron beam lithography have been hot embossed in biaxially-oriented polypropylene (BOPP). Each micrographic element consisted of a sub-field of 30
×
30
μm with a ...specific configuration of symbols, lettering and graphics. The micrographic elements were integrated with arrays of diffractive gratings in the form of an optically variable device. A high quality embossing of various micrographic elements has been demonstrated in features with a linewidth dimension ⩾365
nm and depth ⩾255
nm. The replication of arrays of micrographic elements was achieved uniformly over an area of 20
×
20
mm in the BOPP film by embossing at a temperature of 130
°C.
The CMS High Level Trigger System Afaq, A.; Badgett, W.; Bauer, G. ...
IEEE transactions on nuclear science,
02/2008, Letnik:
55, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The CMS data acquisition (DAQ) system relies on a purely software driven high level trigger (HLT) to reduce the full Level 1 accept rate of 100 kHz to approximately 100 Hz for archiving and later ...offline analysis. The HLT operates on the full information of events assembled by an event builder collecting detector data from the CMS front-end systems. The HLT software consists of a sequence of reconstruction and filtering modules executed on a farm of O(1000) CPUs built from commodity hardware. This paper presents the architecture of the CMS HLT, which integrates the CMS reconstruction framework in the online environment. The mechanisms to configure, control, and monitor the filter farm and the procedures to validate the filtering code within the DAQ environment are described.
Diffractive grating structures formed by electron beam lithography have been replicated into the surface of silver commemorative coins. The detailed features of the gratings and the depth of relief ...were accurately transferred from the resist master plate to the surface of the fine silver coins using a Ni shim as a replication tool. This method has produced an optically variable device (OVD) in the surface of the coins which exhibited a strong intensity of first-order diffraction over the area of the image (3
×
1.5 cm). A feature of the grating structures formed in the coins were fine-scale protrusions located along the length of the ridges. The presence of these protrusions has been attributed to an adhesive transfer and back-transfer of Ag during the cycle of impact loading of the Ni shim for sequential coins.
The fine-scale features of optically variable devices (OVDs) fabricated in resist by electron beam lithography have been examined using scanning probe microscopy (SPM). These features have included ...patterns of gratings, micro-text and geometrical images. Scanning probe microscopy has provided information on the groove angle, depth of profile and spatial frequency of the features as determined by the details of processing of the image. The OVD patterns formed in EBR-9 and X-AR-P 7400 resists exhibited a more rounded profile with a lower side-wall angle than in ZEP-7000 and PMMA resists.
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