The Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) standardizes the interpretation, reporting, and data collection for imaging examinations in patients at risk for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). ...It assigns category codes reflecting relative probability of HCC to imaging-detected liver observations based on major and ancillary imaging features. LI-RADS also includes imaging features suggesting malignancy other than HCC. Supported and endorsed by the American College of Radiology (ACR), the system has been developed by a committee of radiologists, hepatologists, pathologists, surgeons, lexicon experts, and ACR staff, with input from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the Organ Procurement Transplantation Network/United Network for Organ Sharing. Development of LI-RADS has been based on literature review, expert opinion, rounds of testing and iteration, and feedback from users. This article summarizes and assesses the quality of evidence supporting each LI-RADS major feature for diagnosis of HCC, as well as of the LI-RADS imaging features suggesting malignancy other than HCC. Based on the evidence, recommendations are provided for or against their continued inclusion in LI-RADS.
RSNA, 2017 Online supplemental material is available for this article.
Microwave-assisted synthesis and investigation of antitubercular profile of new 2-(trifluoromethyl)-6-arylimidazo2,1-b1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives are described.
The increase in the prevalence of ...multi drug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant strains of Mycobacteriumtuberculosis case demonstrates the urgent need of discovering new promising compounds with antimycobacterial activity. As part of our research program and with a aim of identifying new antitubercular drug candidates, a new class of 2-(trifluoromethyl)-6-arylimidazo2,1-b1,3,4thiadiazole derivatives has been synthesized by both conventional as well as microwave assisted method and evaluated for their in vitro antitubercular activity against M. tuberculosis H37Rv. Moreover, various drug-likeness properties of new compounds were predicted. Seven compounds from the series exhibited good activity with MIC in range 3.12–1.56μg/ml. The present study suggests that compounds 6b, 6c, 6d, 6e and 6f may serve as promising lead scaffolds for further generation of new anti-TB agents.
The development of the taste system relies on the coordinated regulation of cues that direct the simultaneous development of both peripheral taste organs and innervating sensory ganglia, but the ...underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, we describe a novel, biphasic function for glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in the development and subsequent diversification of chemosensory neurons within the geniculate ganglion (GG). GDNF, acting through the receptor tyrosine kinase Ret, regulates the expression of the chemosensory fate determinant Phox2b early in GG development. Ret
−/− mice, but not Retfx/fx
; Phox2b-Cre mice, display a profound loss of Phox2b expression with subsequent chemosensory innervation deficits, indicating that Ret is required for the initial amplification of Phox2b expression but not its maintenance. Ret expression is extinguished perinatally but reemerges postnatally in a subpopulation of large-diameter GG neurons expressing the mechanoreceptor marker NF200 and the GDNF coreceptor GFRα1. Intriguingly, we observed that ablation of these neurons in adult Ret-Cre/ERT2; Rosa26LSL-DTA mice caused a specific loss of tactile, but not chemical or thermal, electrophysiological responses. Overall, the GDNF-Ret pathway exerts two critical and distinct functions in the peripheral taste system: embryonic chemosensory cell fate determination and the specification of lingual mechanoreceptors.
During development of the peripheral taste system, oral sensory neurons of the geniculate ganglion project via the chorda tympani nerve to innervate taste buds in fungiform papillae. Germline ...deletion of the p75 neurotrophin receptor causes dramatic axon guidance and branching deficits, leading to a loss of geniculate neurons. To determine whether the developmental functions of p75 in geniculate neurons are cell autonomous, we deleted p75 specifically in Phox2b + oral sensory neurons (Phox2b-Cre; p75
) or in neural crest-derived cells (P0-Cre; p75
) and examined geniculate neuron development. In germline p75
mice half of all geniculate neurons were lost. The proportion of Phox2b + neurons, as compared to Phox2b-pinna-projecting neurons, was not altered, indicating that both populations were affected similarly. Chorda tympani nerve recordings demonstrated that p75
mice exhibit profound deficits in responses to taste and tactile stimuli. In contrast to p75
mice, there was no loss of geniculate neurons in either Phox2b-Cre; p75
or P0-Cre; p75
mice. Electrophysiological analyses demonstrated that Phox2b-Cre; p75
mice had normal taste and oral tactile responses. There was a modest but significant loss of fungiform taste buds in Phox2b-Cre; p75
mice, although there was not a loss of chemosensory innervation of the remaining fungiform taste buds. Overall, these data suggest that the developmental functions of p75 are largely cell non-autonomous and require p75 expression in other cell types of the chorda tympani circuit.
To investigate the degree to which morbidity and mortality (M&M) conferencing is utilized in interventional radiology (IR), identify impediments to its adoption, and assess the experience of those ...using this tool.
Members of the Society of Interventional Radiology (SIR) were offered a 9-question survey of practices and experiences regarding M&M conferencing within their quality assessment (QA) programs.
Among 604 respondents, 37.8% were university-based practitioners and 60% were from outside of university practices. Of all respondents, 43% reported practicing 100% IR, with 28.5% practicing IR 75%-99% and 11% practicing IR <50% of the time. The use of M&M conferencing was significantly greater in university practices (90.7%) than in nonuniversity practices (37.1%) and among practitioners performing at least 75% IR (71.2%) than among those practicing <75% (28.8%). The conferences were held monthly (66.6%) or more often, and the majority (56%) of the events identified were scored using the SIR severity score. Approximately 20% of M&M conferences were multidisciplinary, shared most commonly with vascular surgery. The reasons cited for not using M&M included the lack of time and the logistical challenges of the process. However, among those who participate in M&M conferences, the QA goals of the conference were met at very high rates.
M&M conferencing is well established in university IR programs and among full-time practitioners but much less so elsewhere. For those sites that do not utilize M&M conferencing, there may be a considerable benefit to addressing the obstacles that are limiting their implementation of this tool.
Thespesia populnea Sol. ex Correa (Malvaceae) is commonly known as “Indian tulip tree”. The plant has been used as an astringent, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and ...hepatoprotective in Indian system of traditional medicine.
Thespesia populnea seeds were successively extracted by soxhlet extraction using petroleum ether (40–60°C) (TPO) and ethanol (TPE). Unsaponifiable matter (TPOUM) and fatty acids were separated from seed oil. A GC–MS analysis of fatty acid methyl esters was carried out. Ethanolic extract was fractionated using CHCl3, EtOAc, n-BuOH and H2O. Acute arthritis was induced by sub-plantar injection of carrageenan into the left hind paw of rats. The paw volume was measured using plethysmometer. Analgesic activity was assessed by heat induced pains (tail immersion model) and antipyretic activity assessed using brewers yeast-induced pyrexia model.
Oral administration of TPO and TPE at 200 and 400mg/kg b.w. and tested fractions at 200mg/kg significantly reduced carrageenan induced paw edema and brewers yeast-induced pyrexia. In tail immersion method also extracts and fractions showed significant analgesic activity. Amongst all fractions EtOAc showed most significant results. TPOUM showed significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity. GC–MS analyses showed the presence of fourteen fatty acids, predominant fatty acids were palmitic and stearic acid.
These results highlighted anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effects of Thespesia populnea seeds.
Mesua ferrea Linn. (Cluciaseae), Cobra's saffron, is named after the heaviness of its timber and is cultivated in tropical climates for its form, foliage, and fragrant flowers. It is prescribed in ...the Ayurvedic literature for the treatment of pain, inflammation, and rheumatic conditions.
In present investigation, activity of Mesua ferrea and its evaluation in the formaldehyde and Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis in rats is reported.
The extracts obtained from successive extraction were subjected to preliminary phytochemical investigation and antiarthritic activity was evaluated by inducing formaldehyde and CFA. Body weight changes and haematological parameters were measured.
The results indicate that Mesua ferrea protects rats against formaldehyde and CFA induced arthritis. The body weight changes and haematological perturbations induced by CFA were maintained. The overall results indicated that Mesua ferrea exerts a potent protective effect against formaldehyde and adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats.
These findings demonstrate that the present study validates the ethnomedicinal use of seeds of Mesua ferrea in the treatment of arthritis conditions.
Hepatic inflammatory pseudotumor (IPT) is characterized by a well-circumscribed benign tumor mimicking or often mistaken for a malignant lesion. A 48-year-old male presented to the hospital with ...complaints of epigastric pain, with initial laboratory findings showing mildly elevated alkaline phosphatase (140 U/L) with normal AST, ALT, bilirubin, and lipase, a CD4 count of 384, and an HIV viral load of > 10 million copies. The total IgG level was elevated to 2,228 mg/dL (normal IgG4 level 114 mg/dL). Contrast-enhanced MRI of the abdomen showed heterogeneous mass-like infiltration in the right lobe of the liver measuring 9.6 cm. The liver mass was biopsied which showed dense collagenous fibrosis with abundant lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates with 18 IgG4-positive plasma cells per high-power field. The patient was not given any treatment for this IPT. For more than 1 year of follow-up triple-phase CT scan of the liver was repeated, which showed no liver mass. As radiological images of hepatic IPTs, including IgG4-related hepatic IPT, mimic liver malignancy, histological analysis of the biopsy remains the cornerstone for the diagnosis. Symptomatic patients with IgG4-related hepatic IPT have shown improvement with corticosteroid use; however, spontaneous resolution has also been reported like in the present case.
The Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI‐RADS) is an American College of Radiology (ACR)‐endorsed diagnostic system of standardized terminology, interpretation, and reporting for imaging ...examinations of the liver in patients at high risk for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). LI‐RADS assigns a category to observations in the liver indicating the likelihood of benignity or HCC. LI‐RADS categories include LR‐1: Definitely Benign, LR‐2: Probably Benign, LR‐3: Intermediate Probability for HCC, LR‐4: Probably HCC, LR‐5: Definite HCC, LR‐5V: Definite HCC with Tumor in Vein, LR‐Treated: Treated HCC, LR‐M Probable Malignancy, not specific for HCC. This article reviews the types of nodules seen in the cirrhotic liver, examines core LI‐RADS concepts and definitions, and utilizes the LI‐RADS v2014 algorithm to categorize representative observations depicted at magnetic resonance imaging in a case‐based approach. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016;43:281–294.
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