Nanocomposite thin films of tin sulfide (SnS) with graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) were prepared by spray deposition of tin sulfide nanocolloids mixed with graphene oxide. SnS ...nanocolloidal suspensions were synthesized by liquid phase pulsed laser ablation of a SnS target in isopropyl alcohol and dimethyl formamide. Spherical morphology and orthorhombic crystalline structure of the nanoparticles were determined by transmission electron microscopy. Graphene oxide was synthesized through a chemical pathway (Marcano's method) and was mixed with SnS nanocolloid. Thin films were deposited by spraying SnS nanocolloid as well as the GO mixed SnS on heated substrates. The thin films were post-annealed under vacuum to form reduced graphene oxide. Structure, morphology and optoelectronic properties of thin films formed at various conditions were determined by different techniques. Scanning electron micrographs showed porous film surface with GO/rGO net-like structures embedded in SnS nanoparticles. Photocurrent measurements at different illumination wavelengths and cyclic voltammetry using SnS:rGO as working electrodes showed improvement in the properties of graphene oxide incorporated SnS. A solar cell was fabricated using SnS:rGO thin film and the results obtained are promising.
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•Nanocomposite SnS:rGO thin films by combining PLAL and spray technique.•Porous surface morphology with rGO network embedded in SnS particles.•Improved opto-electronic and electrochemical properties of SnS: rGO thin films.•Solar cell device with photoconversion efficiency 2.32%.•Cost effective technique for nanocomposite coatings in large area.
Embedded discrete trial training (DTT) involves the presentation of instructional targets in an activity-based situation, and serves as an alternative to traditional, table-top instruction (Geiger, ...Carr, LeBlanc, Hanney, Polick, et al.
Behavior Analysis in Practice 5
, 49–59,
2012
). The current study compared the effects of Traditional and Embedded DTT on responding to instructional targets and problem behavior for one child with autism. Although the results showed similar levels of accuracy for instructional targets across both conditions, there were more target exposures and no problem behavior during Embedded DTT. The results are discussed along with future directions for research and clinical practice.
This study evaluated the effects of massed and distributed practice on the acquisition of tacts and textual behavior in typically developing children. We compared the effects of massed practice ...(i.e., consolidating all practice opportunities during the week into a single session) and distributed practice (i.e., distributing all practice opportunities across 4 sessions during the week) on the acquisition of textual behavior in English, tacting pictures of common nouns in Spanish, and textual behavior in Spanish using an adapted alternating treatments design embedded within a multiple probe design. We also examined correct responding during probes that (a) excluded prompts and reinforcement and (b) occurred 48 hr after training each week. The results indicated that distributed practice was the more efficient training format. Maintenance data collected up to 4 weeks after training also indicated that the participants consistently displayed higher levels of correct responding to targets that had been trained in distributed format. We discuss implications for practice and potential areas for future research.
A magnetocaloric effect (MCE) on rare-earth free Fe2Ta thin films is reported. The structural characterizations carried out using x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy have indicated ...the formation of a Laves phase in the Fe2Ta film in a MgZn2 type crystal structure. Applying the Maxwell relation to the magnetization (M) vs temperature (T) curves at various fields (H), ∂M/∂T vs H curves were integrated to indirectly obtain quantitative information about the isothermal entropy change. A positive MCE with an entropy change as high as 6.9 J/K m3 at 10 K and a negative MCE with an entropy change as high as −2.0 J/K m3 at 300 K were observed for the magnetic fields in the range of 0.05–0.5 T. The temperatures at which a crossover in the sign of the entropy change takes place were found to be a function of the field applied that ranged from 121 K at 5000 Oe to 159 K at 1000 Oe. The coexistence of the positive and negative MCE is attributed to a paramagnetic–antiferromagnetic transition in the Fe2Ta system.
Cooling and lubrication are especially important to ensure workpiece quality in grinding, because of high friction and intense heat generation involved in the process. Conventionally, liquid coolants ...in flood form are employed in grinding. However, there has been an afterthought in the usage of fluid in this way on some technical, environmental and economic grounds. Minimization and possibly the elimination of fluid coolants by substituting their functions through some other means is of current research interest. Authors have investigated the possibility of using graphite as a lubricating medium to reduce the heat generated at the grinding zone in surface grinding with a newly developed experimental setup. This paper deals with the analysis of the process parameters such as speed, feed, infeed and mode of dressing as influential factors, on the force components and surface finish developed based on Taguchi’s experimental design methods. Taguchi’s tools such as orthogonal array, signal-to-noise ratio, factor effect analysis, ANOVA, etc. have been used for this purpose and an optimal condition has been found out. The results have been compared with the results obtained in the conventional coolant grinding.
•CdS thin films by conventional CBD and laser assisted CBD.•Characterized these films using XRD, XPS, AFM, optical and electrical measurements.•Accelerated growth was observed in the laser assisted ...CBD process.•Improved dark conductivity and good photocurrent response for the LACBD CdS.
In this work, we report the preparation and characterization of CdS thin films by laser assisted chemical bath deposition (LACBD). CdS thin films were prepared from a chemical bath containing cadmium chloride, triethanolamine, ammonium hydroxide and thiourea under various deposition conditions. The thin films were deposited by in situ irradiation of the bath using a continuous laser of wavelength 532nm, varying the power density. The thin films obtained during deposition of 10, 20 and 30min were analyzed. The changes in morphology, structure, composition, optical and electrical properties of the CdS thin films due to in situ irradiation of the bath were analyzed by atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and UV–vis spectroscopy. The thin films obtained by LACBD were nanocrystalline, photoconductive and presented interesting morphologies. The results showed that LACBD is an effective synthesis technique to obtain nanocrystalline CdS thin films having good optoelectronic properties.
IntroductionIn low/middle-income countries (LMICs), the prevalence of people diagnosed with dementia is expected to increase substantially and treatment options are limited, with acetylcholinesterase ...inhibitors not used as frequently as in high-income countries (HICs). Cognitive stimulation therapy (CST) is a group-based, brief, non-pharmacological intervention for people with dementia that significantly improves cognition and quality of life in clinical trials and is cost-effective in HIC. However, its implementation in other countries is less researched. This protocol describes CST-International; an implementation research study of CST. The aim of this research is to develop, test, refine and disseminate implementation strategies for CST for people with mild to moderate dementia in three LMICs: Brazil (upper middle-income), India (lower middle-income) and Tanzania (low-income).Methods and analysisFour overlapping phases: (1) exploration of barriers to implementation in each country using meetings with stakeholders, including clinicians, policymakers, people with dementia and their families; (2) development of implementation plans for each country; (3) evaluation of implementation plans using a study of CST in each country (n=50, total n=150). Outcomes will include adherence, attendance, acceptability and attrition, agreed parameters of success, outcomes (cognition, quality of life, activities of daily living) and cost/affordability; (4) refinement and dissemination of implementation strategies, enabling ongoing pathways to practice which address barriers and facilitators to implementation.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval has been granted for each country. There are no documented adverse effects associated with CST and data held will be in accordance with relevant legislation. Train the trainer models will be developed to increase CST provision in each country and policymakers/governmental bodies will be continually engaged with to aid successful implementation. Findings will be disseminated at conferences, in peer-reviewed articles and newsletters, in collaboration with Alzheimer’s Disease International, and via ongoing engagement with key policymakers.
In this study, lead iodide (PbI
2
) thin films were deposited on glass substrates by spin coating a solution of 0.2 M PbI
2
dissolved in dimethylformamide, varying the deposition time and the spin ...speed. The thickness of the thin films decreased with increase in spin speed and deposition time, as examined by profilometry measurements. The structure, morphology, optical and electrical properties of the thin films were analysed using various techniques. X-ray diffraction patterns revealed that the thin films possessed hexagonal structures. The thin films were grown highly oriented to 001 direction of the hexagonal lattice. Raman peaks detected at 96 and 136 cm
−1
were corresponding to the characteristic vibration modes of PbI
2
. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy detected the presence of Pb and I with core level binding energies corresponding to that in PbI
2
. Atomic force microcopy showed smooth and compact morphology of the thin films. From UV–Vis transmittance and reflectance spectral analysis, the bandgap of the thin films
∼
2.3 eV was evaluated. The dark conductivity of the thin films was computed and the value decreased as the deposition time and spin speed increased.
Though "Reversible" causes are less frequent, they carry good prognosis with prompt treatment of the underlying condition. ...the evaluation for all potentially reversible conditions which cause ...dementia syndrome is the first most important step in the assessment of dementia syndrome and this is essential in all cases presenting with features of dmentia. Specification of features for possible subtypes. Because of the possibility that subtypes exist, it is recommended that the following characteristics be ascertained as a basis for a further classification: age at onset; rate of progression; the configuration of the clinical features, particularly the relative prominence (or lack) of temporal, parietal or frontal lobe signs; any neuropathological or neurochemical abnormalities, and their pattern. Unequal distribution of deficits in higher cognitive functions, with some affected and others relatively spared. ...memory may be quite markedly affected while thinking, reasoning and information processing may show only mild decline. ...there has been very active global effort to develop effective disease modifying drug for Alzheimer's disease in the past decade.
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