Advances in Lipid Extraction Methods-A Review Saini, Ramesh Kumar; Prasad, Parchuri; Shang, Xiaomin ...
International journal of molecular sciences,
12/2021, Letnik:
22, Številka:
24
Journal Article
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Extraction of lipids from biological tissues is a crucial step in lipid analysis. The selection of appropriate solvent is the most critical factor in the efficient extraction of lipids. A mixture of ...polar (to disrupt the protein-lipid complexes) and nonpolar (to dissolve the neutral lipids) solvents are precisely selected to extract lipids efficiently. In addition, the disintegration of complex and rigid cell-wall of plants, fungi, and microalgal cells by various mechanical, chemical, and enzymatic treatments facilitate the solvent penetration and extraction of lipids. This review discusses the chloroform/methanol-based classical lipid extraction methods and modern modifications of these methods in terms of using healthy and environmentally safe solvents and rapid single-step extraction. At the same time, some adaptations were made to recover the specific lipids. In addition, the high throughput lipid extraction methodologies used for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based plant and animal lipidomics were discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of various pretreatments and extraction methods were also illustrated. Moreover, the emerging green solvents-based lipid extraction method, including supercritical CO
extraction (SCE), is also discussed.
Polysaccharide-protein mixtures offer a promising approach to fabricating composite binary gels for the food processing industries. This study was aimed to investigate the effects of highly charged ...dextran sulfate (DS) on heat-induced egg white protein (EWP) physical and gelation properties (microstructure, water holding capacity, and rheological properties). In addition, the breakdown of gel particles during the in vitro gastrointestinal digestion was examined. The obtained EWP/DS at pH 7.0 exhibited the strongest gel hardness with high water holding capacity and a transparent gel. Moreover, the rheological analysis showed an extremely high storage modulus (G′) of EWP/DS at pH 7.0. The molecular attributes of EWP/DS complexes assessed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) revealed the strong electrostatic interaction between the amine groups of EWP and sulfate group of DS. The addition of DS had significantly reduced the surface hydrophobicity of EWP and promote the expose of free sulfhydryl groups on the protein molecular surface. Besides, the addition of DS delayed the in vitro digestion of EWP. The findings of this study can be used to promote the applications of sulfated polysaccharides as a gelling agent in food processing and the use for the encapsulation of nutraceuticals.
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•Properties of gels made with egg white proteins (EWP) and highly charged dextran sulfate (DS) were studied.•DS promotes EWP to form a transparent and stable gel at neutral pH.•Adding DS is an effective way to enhance the gel strength and water holding capacity of EWP at pH 7.0•The enrichment of EWP with DS significantly increased their stability during in vitro gastrointestinal degradation.
The omega−3 (n−3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acid are well known to protect against numerous metabolic disorders. In view of the ...alarming increase in the incidence of chronic diseases, consumer interest and demand are rapidly increasing for natural dietary sources of n−3 PUFAs. Among the plant sources, seed oils from chia (Salvia hispanica), flax (Linum usitatissimum), and garden cress (Lepidium sativum) are now widely considered to increase α-linolenic acid (ALA) in the diet. Moreover, seed oil of Echium plantagineum, Buglossoides arvensis, and Ribes sp. are widely explored as a source of stearidonic acid (SDA), a more effective source than is ALA for increasing the EPA and DHA status in the body. Further, the oil from microalgae and thraustochytrids can also directly supply EPA and DHA. Thus, these microbial sources are currently used for the commercial production of vegan EPA and DHA. Considering the nutritional and commercial importance of n−3 PUFAs, this review critically discusses the nutritional aspects of commercially exploited sources of n−3 PUFAs from plants, microalgae, macroalgae, and thraustochytrids. Moreover, we discuss issues related to oxidative stability and bioavailability of n−3 PUFAs and future prospects in these areas.
Natural carotenoids (CARs), viz. β-carotene, lutein, astaxanthin, bixin, norbixin, capsanthin, lycopene, canthaxanthin, β-Apo-8-carotenal, zeaxanthin, and β-apo-8-carotenal-ester, are being studied ...as potential candidates in fields such as food, feed, nutraceuticals, and cosmeceuticals. CAR research is advancing in the following three major fields: (1) CAR production from natural sources and optimization of its downstream processing; (2) encapsulation for enhanced physical and chemical properties; and (3) preclinical, clinical, and epidemiological studies of CARs' health benefits. This review critically discusses the recent developments in studies of the chemistry and antioxidant activity, marketing trends, dietary sources, extraction, bioaccessibility and bioavailability, encapsulation methods, dietary intake, and health benefits of CARs. Preclinical, clinical, and epidemiological studies on cancer, obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D), cardiovascular diseases (CVD), osteoporosis, neurodegenerative disease, mental health, eye, and skin health are also discussed.
The increased consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains contributes to the reduced risk of many diseases related to metabolic syndrome, including neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular ...disease (CVD), diabetes, and cancer. Citrus, the genus
L., is one of the most important fruit crops, rich in carotenoids, flavonoids, terpenes, limonoids, and many other bioactive compounds of nutritional and nutraceutical value. Moreover, polymethoxylated flavones (PMFs), a unique class of bioactive flavonoids, abundantly occur in citrus fruits. In addition, citrus essential oil, rich in limonoids and terpenes, is an economically important product due to its potent antioxidant, antimicrobial, and flavoring properties. Mechanistic, observational, and intervention studies have demonstrated the health benefits of citrus bioactives in minimizing the risk of metabolic syndrome. This review provides a comprehensive view of the composition of carotenoids, flavonoids, terpenes, and limonoids of citrus fruits and their associated health benefits.
Egg white proteins pose notable limitations in emulsion applications due to their inadequate wettability and interfacial instability. Polyphenol-driven alterations in proteins serve as an effective ...strategy for optimizing their properties. Herein, covalent and non-covalent complexes of egg white proteins-proanthocyanins were synthesized. The analysis of structural alterations, amino acid side chains and wettability was performed. The superior wettability (80.00° ± 2.23°) and rigid structure (2.95 GPa) of covalent complexes established favorable conditions for their utilization in emulsions. Furthermore, stability evaluation, digestion kinetics, free fatty acid (FFA) release kinetics, and correlation analysis were explored to unravel the impact of covalent and non-covalent modification on emulsion stability, dynamic digestion process, and interlinkages. Emulsion stabilized by covalent complex exhibited exceptional stabilization properties, and FFA release kinetics followed both first-order and Korsmeyer-Peppas models. This study offers valuable insights into the application of complexes of proteins-polyphenols in emulsion systems and introduces an innovative approach for analyzing the dynamics of the emulsion digestion process.
Abstract
Gametocytogenesis, the process by which malaria parasites produce sexual forms that can infect mosquitoes, is essential for the transmission of malaria. A transcriptional switch of the ...pfap2-g gene triggers sexual commitment, but how the complex multi-step process is precisely programed remains largely unknown. Here, by systematic functional screening of a panel of ApiAP2 transcription factors, we identify six new ApiAP2 members associated with gametocytogenesis in Plasmodium falciparum. Among these, PfAP2-G5 (PF3D7_1139300) was found to be indispensable for gametocytogenesis. This factor suppresses the transcriptional activity of the pfap2-g gene via binding to both the upstream region and exonic gene body, the latter is linked to the maintenance of local heterochromatin structure, thereby preventing initiation of sexual commitment. Removal of this repressive effect through pfap2-g5 knockout disrupts the asexual replication cycle and promotes sexual commitment accompanied by upregulation of pfap2-g expression. However, the gametocytes produced fail to mature fully. Further analyses show that PfAP2-G5 is essential for gametocyte maturation, and causes the down-regulation of pfap2-g and a set of early gametocyte genes activated by PfAP2-G prior to gametocyte development. Collectively, our findings reveal a regulation cascade of gametocyte production in malaria parasites, and provide a new target for transmission blocking interventions.
Alkane elimination reactions of amino-amino-bis(phenols) H 2 L 1 - 4 , Salan H 2 L 5 , and methoxy-β-diimines HL 6,7 with lanthanide tris(alkyl)s, Ln(CH2SiMe3)3(THF)2 (Ln = Y, Lu), respectively, ...afforded a series of lanthanide alkyl complexes 1−8 with the release of tetramethylsilane. Complexes 1−6 are THF-solvated mono(alkyl)s stabilized by O,N,N,O-tetradentate ligands. Complexes 1−3 and 5 adopt twisted octahedral geometry, whereas 4 contains a tetragonal bipyramidal core. Bearing a monoanionic moiety L 6 (L 7 ), complex 7 (8) is a THF-free bis(alkyl). In complex 7, the O,N,N-tridentate ligand combined with two alkyl species forms a tetrahedral coordination core. Complexes 1, 2, and 3 displayed modest activity but high stereoselectivity for the polymerization of rac-lactide to give heterotactic polylactide with the racemic enchainment of monomer units P r ranging from 0.95 to 0.99, the highest value reached to date. Complex 5 exhibited almost the same level of activity albeit with relatively low selectivity. In contrast, dramatic decreases in activity and stereoselectivity were found for complex 4. The Salan yttrium alkyl complex 6 was active but nonselective. Bis(alkyl) complexes 7 and 8 were more active than 1−3 toward polymerization of rac-LA, however, to afford atactic polylactides due to di-active sites. The ligand framework, especially the “bridge” between the two nitrogen atoms, played a significant role in governing the selectivity of the corresponding complexes via changing the geometry of the metal center. The NMR spectrum of the active species of the rac-lactide oligomer attached to complex 1 demonstrated a coordination−insertion mechanism. In addition it also confirmed that the geometry of the metal center of complex 1 in the solid state was retained in solution (THF) during the polymerization, which contributed significantly to the high selectivity of the complex.
Malaria, an infectious disease caused by
parasites, still accounts for amounts of deaths annually in last decades. Despite the significance of
as a model organism of malaria parasites, our ...understanding of gene expression of this parasite remains largely elusive since lots of progress on its genome and transcriptome are based on assembly with short sequencing reads. Herein, we report the new version of transcriptome dataset containing all full-length transcripts over the whole asexual blood stages by adopting a full-length sequencing approach with optimized experimental conditions of cDNA library preparation. We have identified a total of 393 alternative splicing (AS) events, 3,623 long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), 1,555 alternative polyadenylation (APA) events, 57 transcription factors (TF), 1,721 fusion transcripts in
. Furthermore, the shotgun proteome was performed to validate the full-length transcriptome of
. More importantly, integration of full-length transcriptomic and proteomic data identified 160 novel small proteins in lncRNA regions. Collectively, this full-length transcriptome dataset with high quality and accuracy and the shotgun proteome analyses shed light on the complex gene expression in malaria parasites and provide a valuable resource for related functional and mechanistic researches on
genes.
Recently, the use of ionic liquids (ILs) for carbon capture and separation processes has gained great interest by many researchers due to the high solubility of CO₂ in ILs. In the present work, ...solubility measurements of CO₂ in the novel IL 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium nonafluorobutylsulfonate C₄mimCF₃CF₂CF₂CF₂SO₃ were performed with a high-pressure view-cell technique in the temperature range from 293.15 to 343.15 K and pressures up to about 4.2 MPa. For comparison, solubilities of H₂, N₂, and O₂ in the IL were also measured at 323.15 K via the same procedure. The Krichevsky-Kasarnovsky equation was employed to correlate the measured solubility data. Henry's law constants, enthalpies, and entropies of absorption for CO₂ in the IL were also determined and presented. The CO₂ solubility in this IL was compared with other ILs sharing the same cation. It was shown that the solubility of CO₂ in these ILs follows the sequence: C₄mimCF₃CF₂CF₂CF₂SO₃ ≈ C₄mimTf₂N > C₄mimCF₃CF₂CF₂COO > C₄mimBF₄, and the solubility selectivity of CO₂ relative to O₂, N₂, and H₂ in C₄mimCF₃CF₂CF₂CF₂SO₃ was 8, 16, and 22, respectively. Furthermore, this IL is regenerable and exhibits good stability. Therefore, the IL reported here would be a promising sorbent for CO₂.
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