Modern waste disposal systems in mega-cities of the global South are embedded in socio-cultural belief systems, colonial histories and neoliberal logics which operate by reproducing existing social ...hierarchies. Sneha Sharma critically interrogates the politics around urban waste disposal in Mumbai, India, by undertaking an ethnographic journey to the city's most unwanted space, a dumping site. She challenges the dominant techno-managerial paradigm in waste management and reveals how spaces and people are made into waste through exclusionary social practices. Offering new insights on topics of urban marginality, informality, and urban planning, this book will attract scholars from sociology, urban studies, and human geography.
Abstract
Background
Several burn-specific mortality prediction models have been formulated and validated in the developed countries. There is a dearth of studies validating these models in the ...Indian population. Our objective was to validate three such models in the Indian burn patients.
Methods
A prospective observational study was performed after ethical clearance on consecutive eligible consenting burn patients. Patient demographics, vitals, and results of hematological workup were collected. Using these. the Abbreviated Burn Severity Index (ABSI), the revised Baux score (rBaux), and the Fatality by Longevity, APACHE II score, Measured extent of burn, and Sex score (FLAMES) were calculated. The discriminative ability of the ABSI, rBaux, and the FLAMES was tested using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve at 30 days and the area under the ROC curve (AUROC) compared. A
p
-value ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. Probability of death was calculated using these models. Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness of fit test was run.
Results
The ABSI (AUROC 0.7497, 95% CI 0.67796–0.82141), rBaux (AUROC 0.7456, 95% CI 0.67059–0.82068) and FLAMES (AUROC 0.7119, 95% CI 0.63209–0.79172), had fair discriminative ability. The Hosmer–Lemeshow test reported that ABSI and rBaux were a good fit for the Indian population, while FLAMES was not a good fit.
Conclusion
The ABSI and rBaux had a fair discriminative ability and were a good fit for the adult patients with 30 to 60% thermal and scald burn patients. FLAMES despite having fair discriminative ability was not a good fit for the study population.
This study aimed to analyze factors associated with concurrent uterine surgery in patients undergoing bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (BSO) for risk reducing or therapeutic purposes. Additionally, ...trends in surgical choice and uptake of post-operative hormone therapy (HT) were examined.
A 10-year retrospective study was conducted on patients who underwent risk-reducing or therapeutic BSO at one institution. Multinomial regression analysis of patient and case characteristics was performed evaluating associations with surgery type (BSO, BSO and hysterectomy, or BSO and endometrial sampling). Trends in surgery type and uptake of HT post operatively are described.
Among the study sample of 643 patients, 140 (22%) patients underwent therapeutic BSO for a history of hormone receptor (HR) positive breast cancer, while the remainder underwent risk-reducing BSO due to a pathogenic variant and/or family history. Pathogenic variants included BRCA1 (141, 40%) BRCA2 (173, 49%), and Lynch syndrome genes (15, 4%). Regression analysis revealed significant associations between concurrent hysterectomy and Black race (RR = 3.55, CI = 1.51-8.38, p = 0.004), history of HR positive breast cancer (RR = 1.88, CI = 1.03-3.42, p = 0.04), and surgeon (Surgeon 1, RR = 2.43, CI = 1.36-4.35, p = 0.003). Among eligible patients under age 51, 36% initiated HT. Over the study period, concurrent hysterectomy rates declined while endometrial sampling increased.
Rates of hysterectomy declined over the study period and slightly more than one-third of eligible patients utilized post-operative HT. Further research on concurrent uterine surgery is needed to establish standardized treatment recommendations in the risk-reducing and therapeutic BSO population. Additionally, education regarding the benefits of postoperative HT in eligible patients is warranted.
Abstract
Background
Prediction of outcome for burn patients allows appropriate allocation of resources and prognostication. There is a paucity of simple to use burn-specific mortality prediction ...models which consider both endogenous and exogenous factors. Our objective was to create such a model.
Methods
A prospective observational study was performed on consecutive eligible consenting burns patients. Demographic data, total burn surface area (TBSA), results of complete blood count, kidney function test, and arterial blood gas analysis were collected. The quantitative variables were compared using the unpaired student
t
-test/nonparametric Mann Whitney U-test. Qualitative variables were compared using the ⊠2-test/Fischer exact test. Binary logistic regression analysis was done and a logit score was derived and simplified. The discrimination of these models was tested using the receiver operating characteristic curve; calibration was checked using the Hosmer—Lemeshow goodness of fit statistic, and the probability of death calculated. Validation was done using the bootstrapping technique in 5,000 samples. A
p
-value of <0.05 was considered significant.
Results
On univariate analysis TBSA (
p
<0.001) and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score (
p
= 0.004) were found to be independent predictors of mortality. TBSA (odds ratio OR 1.094, 95% confidence interval CI 1.037–1.155,
p
= 0.001) and APACHE II (OR 1.166, 95% CI 1.034–1.313,
p
= 0.012) retained significance on binary logistic regression analysis. The prediction model devised performed well (area under the receiver operating characteristic 0.778, 95% CI 0.681–0.875).
Conclusion
The prediction of mortality can be done accurately at the bedside using TBSA and APACHE II score.
Aim
The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of periotomes in single rooted nonsurgical tooth extractions.
Materials and methods
A double blind, randomized controlled clinical trial of 100 ...patients requiring nonsurgical single rooted tooth extractions was performed. The subjects were randomized into the experimental group (underwent extractions with periotome and conventional extraction forceps) or into the control group (subjects underwent extractions using periosteal elevator and conventional extraction forceps). Pain was assessed using visual analogue scale all throughout 7 days postoperatively. Gingival laceration, duration of surgery, number and frequency of analgesics consumed and complications (if present) were also noted.
Results
On inter-group comparison, all the parameters were statistically significant in control group (
p
< 0.05). Also on pre and post-operative inter-group comparison, statistically significant pain reduction was noted in experimental group (52.8 %) whereas pain increased in control group (65 %).
Conclusion
The results of this study suggest that use of periotome may be helpful in reducing post extraction discomfort.
•Repair as a vocabulary to explain heterogeneous practices of informal housing.•Repair acts are a response to violent slum evictions, non-compensated displacements and illegalities faced by ...residents.•Practices of repair are not a reaction to a crisis but are claims for formal housing.•Temporality is central to understanding repair as a functional fix and an incremental act.•Repair is politically performed through acts of delay, disruption and material fixes.
This paper carves out the concept of repair for understanding heterogeneous modes of urban appropriation emerging from the margins in the global South. Situated within the context of informality and housing politics, it highlights the working of competing and conflicting modes of urban claim making. Drawing from empirical research carried out in three informal clusters on Mumbai’s airport land, the paper argues for employing repair as a vocabulary to explain the simultaneity and adoption of seemingly diverse negotiation strategies observed in the global South. Airport land residents use repair to not only make material improvements but also assert claims for formal housing. The aim here is twofold: first, to reframe repair as an activity of everyday life rather than restricting it to a crisis response, and second, to examine its political affordances, i.e. what kinds of negotiations are made possible through repair. The article shows that the politics of inhabiting the city hinges on the art ofmanoeuvring temporalities of repair through acts of delays, disruptions and scheduling repair practices to secure better rehabilitation conditions.Repair addresses both, the immediate functional fixes and opens up political possibilities to claim entitlements for improved living conditions in the urban.
To date, different approaches have been applied to measure the internal parameters of mangoes by destructive and non-destructive techniques. Recently, real-time evaluation of the internal parameters ...has become important assessment for fruits in high demand. This research aims to develop an online prototype system to measure the total soluble solids (TSS) in mangoes using a fiber optic diode array Visible-Near Infrared (Vis-NIR) spectrometer on a conveyor belt. Spectra were acquired in a wavelength range from 400–1000 nm. The diffuse reflectance spectra of mangoes were subjected to several preprocessing techniques such as moving average smoothing (MAS), standard normal variate (SNV), multiplicative scatter correction (MSC), baseline offset and normalization before model development. The spectral information and corresponding TSS values were used to establish a linear relationship by partial least squares (PLS) regression. Spectra in three wavelength ranges of 400–1000 nm, 600–1000 nm, and 700–1000 nm were used for the model development. Baseline offset combined with MAS showed effective transformation of spectra at a wavelength of 600–1000 nm. The optimum model was obtained by an external validation technique with a correlation coefficient of calibration set and a prediction set of 0.80 and 0.74, respectively. The root mean square error of the calibration (RMSEC), root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) and bias were 0.690%, 0.765%, and 0.061%, respectively. The statistical results from PLS regression indicated the feasibility of using the online conveyor system for grading the fruit according to the TSS.
A rich seam of waste scholarship already addresses the exclusion faced by informal waste workers as cities in the global South undergo spatial transformations to become ‘world class’. However, less ...attention has been paid to how state practices have reproduced inequalities within and across waste picker communities. Drawing upon eleven months of ethnographic research at Mumbai's Deonar dump site, this article maps the practices through which waste workers have responded to their exclusion following a massive fire in 2016. It demonstrates that social exclusion is experienced differently by different members of the community and calls for a greater focus on heterogeneity amongst waste workers. Multi‐dimensional vulnerabilities manifest through these workers’ deal‐making strategies, while simultaneously mirroring the conditions of marginality produced by the state. The article contributes to debates on marginality by employing the lens of erasure to show how exclusion relies on the optics of visibility and invisibility. By unpicking the hierarchical structure within one waste worker organization, the article argues that the state‐led mandate for garbage‐free cities in India disproportionately affects those located at the margins of marginalized groups.
Penile skin (PSG) and the buccal mucosa (BMGs) are the most commonly used grafts for substitution urethroplasty. The aim of this study was to compare the success rates of substitution urethroplasty ...using either of these grafts. We systematically searched PubMed/Medline, EMBASE, Scopus and Web of science to identify studies comparing the two types of graft urethroplasties. Search strategy was based on Patient, Intervention, Control and Outcome guidelines. Studies reporting data on success of PSG versus BMG within the same manuscript were included. Standard Preferred reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Metaanalysis guidelines were followed while conducting this review and study protocol was registered with PROSPERO in priori (CRD42018114258). Sixteen studies, including 5 prospective and 11 retrospective studies, with a total of 1406 (896 BMG and 510 PSG) patients were included in the final analysis. In the overall analysis, BMG had significantly higher success rate (83.7% vs. 76.1%, P ≤ 0.0001). Duration of followup was heterogeneous across the studies, ranging from 15.9 to 201 months. Comparing the five studies where the data on duration of follow up was available, BMG showed a significantly higher success rate compared to PSG (90% vs. 80.4%; P = 0.02). In the subgroup of patients with bulbar urethral strictures, BMG urethroplasty had significantly higher success rate (87.4% vs. 78.0%; P = 0.0001). From the results of this study, buccal mucosa may appear to be a better choice, however, the data is still immature and a properly conducted randomized controlled trial with an adequate duration of followup is required.
Objective
Various techniques have been employed from time to time to achieve maxillomandibular fixation, and arch bars provide an effective and versatile means of maxillomandibular fixation, and ...however, some of the issues occurring with it have been eliminated with the introduction of Ultralock EZY bar.
The aim of the present study is to compare the advantages and disadvantages of Ultralock Ezy bar over the Erich arch bar in mid-face fracture or maxillary fracture or mandibular fracture or both requiring conservative treatment.
Materials and Methods
A total of 20 patients reported to the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Sudha Rustagi Dental College and Hospital, Faridabad, with mid-face fracture/maxillary fracture, mandibular fracture or both. The treatment plan required intermaxillary fixation. As a part of treatment plan, group was selected randomly divided into 20 arches in each group that is test arch group and control arch group.
Test arch group included arches in which Ultralock EZY bar was done. Control arch group included arches in which Erich arch bar was done. The parameters compared in both the groups were surgical time taken, injuries due to wires, arch bar stability, oral hygiene index, patient acceptance and comfort, pulp vitality, and complication (if any).
Results
The average surgical time taken was less, and oral hygiene status and patient acceptance were better in test group. There was not much statistically significant difference in pulp vitality but number of cases with absence of pulp vitality were more in test group.
Conclusion
This study emphasizes the use of Ultralock Ezy bar as a quick and easy method than Erich arch bar. Oral hygiene maintenance was comparatively better in patients with Ultralock Ezy bar than those with Erich arch bar. For the patients who require long-term IMF, Ultralock Ezy bars can be a viable option.
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