To understand the genetic basis of tolerance to drought and heat stresses in chickpea, a comprehensive association mapping approach has been undertaken. Phenotypic data were generated on the ...reference set (300 accessions, including 211 mini-core collection accessions) for drought tolerance related root traits, heat tolerance, yield and yield component traits from 1-7 seasons and 1-3 locations in India (Patancheru, Kanpur, Bangalore) and three locations in Africa (Nairobi, Egerton in Kenya and Debre Zeit in Ethiopia). Diversity Array Technology (DArT) markers equally distributed across chickpea genome were used to determine population structure and three sub-populations were identified using admixture model in STRUCTURE. The pairwise linkage disequilibrium (LD) estimated using the squared-allele frequency correlations (r2; when r2<0.20) was found to decay rapidly with the genetic distance of 5 cM. For establishing marker-trait associations (MTAs), both genome-wide and candidate gene-sequencing based association mapping approaches were conducted using 1,872 markers (1,072 DArTs, 651 single nucleotide polymorphisms SNPs, 113 gene-based SNPs and 36 simple sequence repeats SSRs) and phenotyping data mentioned above employing mixed linear model (MLM) analysis with optimum compression with P3D method and kinship matrix. As a result, 312 significant MTAs were identified and a maximum number of MTAs (70) was identified for 100-seed weight. A total of 18 SNPs from 5 genes (ERECTA, 11 SNPs; ASR, 4 SNPs; DREB, 1 SNP; CAP2 promoter, 1 SNP and AMDH, 1SNP) were significantly associated with different traits. This study provides significant MTAs for drought and heat tolerance in chickpea that can be used, after validation, in molecular breeding for developing superior varieties with enhanced drought and heat tolerance.
The evidence regarding the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in reducing severity of COVID-19 is still insufficient. This is partially due to the lack of primary robust trial-based data and ...heterogenous study designs. This evidence summary, aims to study the effect of vitamin D supplementation on morbidity and mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.
For this study, systematic reviews and meta-analysis published from December 2019 to January 2022 presenting the impact of vitamin D supplementation on COVID-19 severity were screened and selected from PubMed and Google scholar. After initial screening, 10 eligible reviews were identified and quality of included reviews were assessed using AMSTAR and GRADE tools and overlapping among the primary studies used were also assessed.
The number of primary studies included in the systematic reviews ranged from 3-13. Meta-analysis of seven systematic reviews showed strong evidence that vitamin D supplementation reduces the risk of mortality (Odds ratio: 0.48, 95% CI: 0.346-0.664; p < 0.001) in COVID patients. It was also observed that supplementation reduces the need for intensive care (Odds ratio: 0.35; 95%CI: 0.28-0.44; p < 0.001) and mechanical ventilation (Odds ratio: 0.54; 95% CI: 0.411-0.708; p < 0.001) requirement. The findings were robust and reliable as level of heterogeneity was considerably low. Qualitative analysis showed that supplements (oral and IV) are well tolerated, safe and effective in COVID patients.
Findings of this study shows that vitamin D supplementation is effective in reducing COVID-19 severity. Hence vitamin D should be recommended as an adjuvant therapy for COVID-19.
This paper reviews and evaluates all the available heating technologies for worldwide agricultural greenhouses and discusses the representative applications of each technology. Available information ...on the location, ground area, cover materials and performance of the greenhouses coupled with each technology such as water storage (including solar flat plate collectors, ground-source heat pumps and shallow solar ponds), rock bed storage, phase change material storage and earth-to-air heat exchanger system is collected and presented in detail. Using the collected information an attempt has been made to correlate the approximate storage volume or weight of the material required for a given greenhouse area for different storage media under various greenhouse cover materials. These relations can be of great importance to the potential users for the successful development of future applications. Apart from the above-mentioned technologies, a complete review and performance evaluation of other greenhouse heating technologies such as movable insulation, north wall storage, ground air collector and aquifer coupled cavity flow heat exchanger system is also presented. Heating potential (overall performance) of each system under different cover materials along with their advantages, limitations and suitability is also discussed.
Most cancer patients die as a result of metastasis, thus it is important to understand the molecular mechanisms of dissemination, including intra- and extravasation. Although the mechanisms of ...extravasation have been vastly studied in vitro and in vivo, the process of intravasation is still unclear. Furthermore, how cells in the tumor microenvironment facilitate tumor cell intravasation is still unknown. Using high-resolution imaging, we found that macrophages enhance tumor cell intravasation upon physical contact. Macrophage and tumor cell contact induce RhoA activity in tumor cells, triggering the formation of actin-rich degradative protrusions called invadopodia, enabling tumor cells to degrade and break through matrix barriers during tumor cell transendothelial migration. Interestingly, we show that macrophage-induced invadopodium formation and tumor cell intravasation also occur in patient-derived tumor cells and in vivo models, revealing a conserved mechanism of tumor cell intravasation. Our results illustrate a novel heterotypic cell contact-mediated signaling role for RhoA, as well as yield mechanistic insight into the ability of cells within the tumor microenvironment to facilitate steps of the metastatic cascade.
In the fight against COVID-19, vaccination is vital in achieving herd immunity. Many Asian countries are starting to vaccinate frontline workers; however, expedited vaccine development has led to ...hesitancy among the general population. We evaluated the willingness of healthcare workers to receive the COVID-19 vaccine.
From 12 to 21 December 2020, we recruited 1720 healthcare workers from 6 countries: China, India, Indonesia, Singapore, Vietnam and Bhutan. The self-administrated survey collected information on willingness to vaccinate, perception of COVID-19, vaccine concerns, COVID-19 risk profile, stigma, pro-socialness scale, and trust in health authorities.
More than 95% of the healthcare workers surveyed were willing to vaccinate. These respondents were more likely to perceive the pandemic as severe, consider the vaccine safe, have less financial concerns, less stigmatization regarding the vaccine, higher pro-socialness mindset and trust in health authorities. A high perceived pandemic risk index, low vaccine harm index and high pro-socialness index were independent predictors in multivariable analysis.
The majority of healthcare workers in Asia are willing to receive COVID-19 vaccination. Perceived COVID-19 susceptibility, low potential risk of vaccine harm and pro-socialness are the main drivers. These findings may help formulate vaccination strategies in other countries.
•Commonly reported symptoms are headache, throat pain and lethargy.•A large number of healthcare workers report more than four symptoms.•Those with physical symptoms had higher rates of depression, ...anxiety, stress, PTSD.•Those with physical symptoms had higher mean scores in the IES-R, DASS subscales.•Association between physical symptoms and psychological outcomes may be bidirectional.
Since the declaration of the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak as pandemic, there are reports on the increased prevalence of physical symptoms observed in the general population. We investigated the association between psychological outcomes and physical symptoms among healthcare workers.
Healthcare workers from 5 major hospitals, involved in the care for COVID-19 patients, in Singapore and India were invited to participate in a study by performing a self-administered questionnaire within the period of February 19 to April 17, 2020. Healthcare workers included doctors, nurses, allied healthcare workers, administrators, clerical staff and maintenance workers. This questionnaire collected information on demographics, medical history, symptom prevalence in the past month, Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21) and the Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R) instrument. The prevalence of physical symptoms displayed by healthcare workers and the associations between physical symptoms and psychological outcomes of depression, anxiety, stress, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were evaluated.
Out of the 906 healthcare workers who participated in the survey, 48 (5.3%) screened positive for moderate to very-severe depression, 79 (8.7%) for moderate to extremely-severe anxiety, 20 (2.2%) for moderate to extremely-severe stress, and 34 (3.8%) for moderate to severe levels of psychological distress. The commonest reported symptom was headache (32.3%), with a large number of participants (33.4%) reporting more than four symptoms. Participants who had experienced symptoms in the preceding month were more likely to be older, have pre-existing comorbidities and a positive screen for depression, anxiety, stress, and PTSD. After adjusting for age, gender and comorbidities, it was found that depression (OR 2.79, 95% CI 1.54–5.07, p = 0.001), anxiety (OR 2.18, 95% CI 1.36–3.48, p = 0.001), stress (OR 3.06, 95% CI 1.27–7.41, p = 0.13), and PTSD (OR 2.20, 95% CI 1.12–4.35, p = 0.023) remained significantly associated with the presence of physical symptoms experienced in the preceding month. Linear regression revealed that the presence of physical symptoms was associated with higher mean scores in the IES-R, DASS Anxiety, Stress and Depression subscales.
Our study demonstrates a significant association between the prevalence of physical symptoms and psychological outcomes among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 outbreak. We postulate that this association may be bi-directional, and that timely psychological interventions for healthcare workers with physical symptoms should be considered once an infection has been excluded.
A large debris flow triggered by a rock avalanche in the Raunthi glaciated valley resulted in flash floods in the Rishiganga and Dhauliganga rivers on 07 February 2021 in Uttarakhand, India. Hydel ...projects, houses, roads and bridges in the path of debris flow were damaged resulting in many deaths. We have used high-resolution satellite data (e.g. Pleiades, WorldView, Kompsat, Cartosat, Resourcesat, Planet) to study the source of flash floods and cause of the slope failure. Our detailed geological assessment, carried out using stereoscopic Pleiades images (50 cm), revealed rock avalanche as the main source of slope failure. The slope failure has exposed a ~197-m-high head scarp near the crown and is controlled by two sets of joints and a foliation that helped in the wedge type failure. The volume of failed mass (rock and ice) estimated by cut and fill method using digital elevation models (DEMs) is ~ 29.3 million m
3
. The rock and ice descended from a height of ~5474 m and then crashed onto the moraine and ice bridges present in the valley at ~3732 m after travelling ~2.9 km along a steep slope. The heat generated by friction during run out and conversion of potential energy to kinetic energy due to the crashing on valley floor melted snow and ice. The ice melt water along with enhanced snow melting due to high ambient temperature on that day got intermixed with debris and created a slush, which was mobilised as a channelised flash flood. Multi-temporal high-resolution satellite data analysis showed that the debris flow was initiated at ~10:08:45 h (IST), and it travelled with a velocity of ~10.6 m/s. The rock avalanche event lasted for ~50 min, and the crash impact created a severe air blast in the valley. The rock avalanche has also resulted in debris blocking the Raunthi gad valley. Estimated Morphological Obstruction Index (MOI) and Hydro-morphological Dam Stability Index (HDSI) indicate the debris dam to be in an unstable domain.
This paper reviews the available worldwide cooling technologies for agricultural greenhouses and discusses the representative applications of each technology. Relevant information about the system ...characteristics, application and performance of the existing greenhouse cooling technologies such as ventilation (natural and forced), shading/reflection, evaporative cooling (fan-pad, mist/fog and roof cooling) and composite systems (earth-to-air heat exchanger system and aquifer coupled cavity flow heat exchanger system) is collected and presented in detail. As per the collected information, the pros and cons of each technology are also discussed. Finally, some important conclusions are drawn (based on the collected information) regarding the performance of each discussed system.
Four xanthones were isolated from the roots of
Andrographis paniculata using a combination of column and thin-layer chromatographic methods. They were characterized as (i) ...1,8-di-hydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy-xanthone, (ii) 4,8-dihydroxy-2,7-dimethoxy-xanthone, (iii)1,2-dihydroxy-6,8-dimethoxy-xanthone and (iv) 3,7,8-trimethoxy-1-hydroxy xanthone by IR, MS and NMR spectroscopic methods. In vitro study revealed that compound 1,2-dihydroxy-6,8-dimethoxy-xanthone possessed substantial anti-plasmodial activity against
Plasmodium falciparum with its IC
50 value of 4
μg
ml
−1. Xanthones bearing hydroxyl group at 2 position demonstrated most potent activity while xanthones with hydroxyl group at 1,4 or 8 position possessed very low activity. In vivo anti-malarial sensitivity test of this compound on Swiss Albino mice with
Plasmodium berghei infection using Peters’ 4-day test gave substantial reduction (62%) in parasitaemia after treating the mice with 30
mg
kg
−1 dose. In vitro cytotoxicity against mammalian cells revealed that 1,2-dihydroxy-6,8-dimethoxy-xanthone is non-cytotoxic with its IC
50 > 32
μg
ml
−1.
PDF
