Setting R&D spending targets based on R&D intensities (GERD as a share of GDP) has been a part of science and technology policy in many OECD countries for at least 35 years. What is new is that the ...targeting of R&D has become more widespread and a more visible goal commanding considerable attention in high-level white papers, summits and policy proclamations. This paper examines the factors that have contributed to the growing popularity of these targets and analyses in more detail the economic and structural consequences of achieving the increased levels of R&D spending by looking at the profile of individual countries with a high R&D intensity and those countries who have achieved a recent significant gain in their intensity. It then traces some of the implications of a higher R&D intensity for the European Union: the R&D spending levels that would be required to meet the target announced by Ministers at the 2002 summit in Barcelona, the human resources needed to conduct this R&D ...
Setting R&D spending targets based on R&D intensities (GERD as a share of GDP) has been a part of science and technology policy in many OECD countries for at least 35 years. What is new is that the ...targeting of R&D has become more widespread and a more visible goal commanding considerable attention in high-level white papers, summits and policy proclamations. This paper examines the factors that have contributed to the growing popularity of these targets and analyses in more detail the economic and structural consequences of achieving the increased levels of R&D spending by looking at the profile of individual countries with a high R&D intensity and those countries who have achieved a recent significant gain in their intensity. It then traces some of the implications of a higher R&D intensity for the European Union: the R&D spending levels that would be required to meet the target announced by Ministers at the 2002 summit in Barcelona, the human resources needed to conduct this R&D ...
As firms shift to more open models of innovation based on collaboration and external sourcing of knowledge, they are exploiting their intellectual property, notably patents, not only by incorporating ...protected inventions into new products, processes and services, but also by licensing them to other firms or public research organisations (PROs), using them as bargaining chips in negotiations with other firms, and as a means of attracting external financing from banks, venture capitalists and other sources...Valorisation et exploitation de la propriété intellectuelleA mesure que les entreprises s’orientent vers des modèles d’innovation plus ouverts fondés sur la collaboration et l’exploitation de sources externes de connaissances, elles tirent profit de leur propriété intellectuelle, notamment de leurs brevets, non seulement en intégrant des inventions protégées dans des produits, procédés et services nouveaux, mais aussi en les concédant sous licence à d’autres entreprises ou à des organismes de recherche publics, en les utilisant comme monnaie d’échange dans les négociations engagées avec d’autres entreprises et comme un moyen d’obtenir des financements extérieurs auprès des institutions bancaires, des investisseurs en capital-risque et d’autres sources...
As firms shift to more open models of innovation based on collaboration and external sourcing of knowledge, they are exploiting their intellectual property, notably patents, not only by incorporating ...protected inventions into new products, processes and services, but also by licensing them to other firms or public research organisations (PROs), using them as bargaining chips in negotiations with other firms, and as a means of attracting external financing from banks, venture capitalists and other sources... Valorisation et exploitation de la propriété intellectuelle A mesure que les entreprises s'orientent vers des modèles d'innovation plus ouverts fondés sur la collaboration et l'exploitation de sources externes de connaissances, elles tirent profit de leur propriété intellectuelle, notamment de leurs brevets, non seulement en intégrant des inventions protégées dans des produits, procédés et services nouveaux, mais aussi en les concédant sous licence à d'autres entreprises ou à des organismes de recherche publics, en les utilisant comme monnaie d'échange dans les négociations engagées avec d'autres entreprises et comme un moyen d'obtenir des financements extérieurs auprès des institutions bancaires, des investisseurs en capital-risque et d'autres sources...
This manual contains nine articles intended to assist student financial aid professionals in conducting research. Initial chapters provide basic information for those starting to do such research ...while later chapters deal with more complex issues. Some chapters include appendices that provide examples of the techniques under consideration. from basic information to complex issues. Chapter titles are: (1) "Doing Research and Writing About It: Suggestions for Financial Aid Administrators" (Jerry Sheehan Davis); (2) "Promoting and Conducting Campus-Based Financial Aid Research" (Harvey P. Grotrian; (3) "Compiling and Reporting Financial Aid Data" (Dallas Martin and Joseph A. Russo); (4) "Conducting Survey Research" (Arthur C. Wolfe); (5) "Models and Simulations in Financial Aid Administration and Research" (John Curtice); (6) "National Data Bases for Student Aid Researchers" (Laura Greene Knapp); (7) "Assessing the Impact of Student Financial Aid on First-Time Enrollment Decisions" (Edward P. St. John and Patricia Somers); (8) "Analyzing the Role of Financial Aid in Student Persistence" (Patricia Somers and Edward P. St. John); (9) "Enrollment Goals, Tuition Pricing, and Institutional Aid Commitments" (Nathan Dickmeyer). Contains 17 tables and 6 figures. (Individual chapters contain references.) (CH)
