Thalassiosira allenii is reported for the first time from marine phytoplankton of the Russian far East. Five strains representing three morphological variants of T. allenii, from three locations in ...the Sea of Japan, were investigated. The D8-D10 domain of LSU rDNA and rbcL of T. allenii were sequenced for the first time. Three morphological forms of T. allenii showed completely identical rbcL sequences and distinctly different nuclear rDNA sequences. The genetic differences between morphotypes were determined by the number of allelic variants of LSU rDNA, one of which was common to all studied strains. Two different types of the D1-D3 domain and three different types of the D8-D10 divergent domain were detected in the cultured strains of T. allenii. The three morphotypes are described in detail and compared. One allele of D1-D3 and one allele of D8-D10 were identified in the strains of T. allenii from two stations in Ussuri Bay. Two and three alleles of the D8-D10 domain were identified in the strains with an ambiguous morphotype and in T. allenii var. striata, respectively, from one station in Amur Bay. Subdivision of T. allenii into morphotypes based on morphology matched that based on molecular-genetic analyses using D8-D10 LSU rDNA. Caution is recommended in using LSU rDNA sequences and rbcL divergence as the principal criterion for delimiting and metabarcoding T. allenii varieties/morphotypes. The lack of genetic differentiation in rbcL, and the presence of clear intra-specific genetic differentiation among morphotypes in two regions of LSU rDNA suggest a link between morphological differences and the nuclear genome. The D8-D10 domain of LSU rDNA appears more suitable for discriminating morphotypes within T. allenii. The rbcL is an effective marker for recognizing T. allenii at species level, but not at infraspecific level.
The effectiveness of photodynamic therapy (PDT) is based on the triad effects of photosensitizer (PS), molecular oxygen and visible light on malignant tumors. Such complex induces a multifactorial ...manner including reactive-oxygen-species-mediated damage and the killing of cells, vasculature damage of the tumor, and activation of the organism immunity. The effectiveness of PDT depends on the properties of photosensitizing drugs, their selectivity, enhanced photoproduction of reactive particles, absorption in the near infrared spectrum, and drug delivery strategies. Photosensitizers of the tetrapyrrole structure (porphyrins) are widely used in PDT because of their unique diagnostic and therapeutic functions. Nevertheless, the clinical use of the first-generation PS (sodium porfimer and hematoporphyrins) revealed difficulties, such as long-term skin photosensitivity, insufficient penetration into deep-seated tumors and incorrect localization to it. The second generation is based on different approaches of the synthesis and conjugation of porphyrin PS with biomolecules, which made it possible to approach the targeted PDT of tumors. Despite the fact that the development of the second-generation PS started about 30 years ago, these technologies are still in demand and are in intensive development, especially in the direction of improving the process of optimization split linkers responsive to input. Bioconjugation and encapsulation by targeting molecules are among the main strategies for developing of the PS synthesis. A targeted drug delivery system with the effect of increased permeability and retention by tumor cells is one of the ultimate goals of the synthesis of second-generation PS. This review presents porphyrin PS of various generations, discusses factors affecting cellular biodistribution and uptake, and indicates their role as diagnostic and therapeutic (theranostic) agents. New complexes based on porphyrin PS for photoimmunotherapy are presented, where specific antibodies are used that are chemically bound to PS, absorbing light from the near infrared part of the spectrum. Additionally, a two-photon photodynamic approach using third-generation photosensitizers for the treatment of tumors is discussed, which indicates the prospects for the further development of a promising method antitumor PDT.
The human-biometeorological conditions in Ukraine during two mega-heat waves were analyzed. The evaluation is based on physiologically equivalent temperature (PET). The calculation of PET is ...performed utilizing the RayMan model. The results revealed these two mega-heat waves produced strenuous human-biometeorological conditions on the territory of Ukraine. During the summer 2010 mega-heat wave, strong and extreme heat stress prevailed at about midday at the stations where this atmospheric phenomenon was observed. The mega-heat wave of August 2015 was characterized by a lower heat load. The diurnal variation of PET values during the researched mega-HW was similar to that of the diurnal variation of air temperature with minimum values in the early morning and maximum values in the afternoon. On the territory where mega-heat waves were observed, the number of days during which heat stress occurred for 9 h amounted to 97.6% for the period from 31 July to 12 August 2010 and 77.1% for the mega-heat wave of August 2015.
Thalassiosira species significantly contribute to phytoplankton communities, forming algal blooms in temperate and polar regions, and are broadly used as model organisms for nanotechnology and as ...important food sources in the aquaculture industry. Despite being widespread in the world's oceans, data on abundance and seasonal patterns of individual species of Thalassiosira are sparse. In the present study, we have identified Thalassiosira tenera from the northwestern Sea of Japan, using light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and molecular genetic analysis of 28S rDNA sequence. Based on field and cultured material, morphological variability of T. tenera was studied; a detailed diagnostic description of the species is provided, and its morphometry is compared with that of the morphologically similar T. exigua. Growth peculiarities of the species were investigated in laboratory culture; variations in frustule morphology occur at different growth stages. The degree of frustule silicification is assumed to depend on the stage of cell development. By SEM observations of field samples, the seasonal dynamics of the species was examined and data on its abundance are provided for the first time. Findings indicate that T. tenera is present year-round in the phytoplankton assemblage in the northwestern Sea of Japan. The species dominates the community from November to February, accounting for more than 60% of the total phytoplankton abundance. The highest numbers, 7,281 cells l
−1
, were recorded under the sea ice in January, and the lowest numbers, less than 100 cells l
−1
, occurred in April. In addition, the study gives information on the species ecology.
The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare the human-biometeorological conditions at two resorts in Ukraine: a coastal resort located at Odesa in southern Ukraine and an inland resort situated ...by the lake at Svityaz situated in northwest Ukraine. The results of this study can facilitate the assessment of the tourist potentials of both locations by the tourism industry, tour operators, and tourists. The evaluation is based on an analysis of the Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET) and parameters presented through the Climate–Tourism/Transfer–Information Scheme (CTIS) for the period 1991–2020. The CTIS data reveal that better conditions in terms of thermal comfort can be found during the warm period from May to September at both sites. The results show that the highest frequency of all grades of heat stress are observed in the last 10-day period of July and in the first 10-day period of August at both stations, but at Odesa, the frequency of heat stress of any grade is approximately 10% higher than at Svityaz. The frequency of moderate, strong and extreme heat stress during the daytime in July and in the first two 10-day periods of August at Odesa ranged from 51.3% to 66.5%, and at Svityaz it ranged between 40.2 and 54.6%. Human-biometeorological conditions during heat waves are more strenuous at Odesa. The frequency of days with extreme heat stress at 12 UTC during summer heat waves is 48.4% at Odesa and 35.6% at Svityaz. The results show a higher frequency of thermal stress at Odesa, which makes this resort less comfortable for people vulnerable to heat stress.
The relevance of the study topic is not only due to the very fact of the unauthorized gatherings in Russia on 24 and 31 January and 2 February, in which many young people, including minors, took ...part. The protests were inspired by the "Western mentors" of the Russian non-systemic opposition. It is equally important to understand the underlying reasons for the high involvement of young people in the protests in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and the Western sanctions regime that has been running for seven years. The objective of the study is to analyze the causes, anatomy, technologies, and forms of protest representations of contemporary youth in Russia. The authors focus on the behavioral patterns of young people, the mechanism and content of which are now forming in the Internet space with the help of social networks. The means of recognizing social reality, markers of evaluation and its interpretation by the youth audience, and an algorithm for action are set by the Internet and social networks. Today, in many ways, Western digital giants determine the media consumption patterns, media behavior, and social practices of Russian youth. In this situation, it is important for the Russian state not to restrict access to the Internet but rather to shape a high political media culture among modern youth.
Members of the CENTRORADIALIS (CEN)/TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1) subfamily control shoot meristem identity, and loss-of-function mutations in both monopodial and sympodial herbaceous plants result in ...dramatic changes in plant architecture. We studied the degree of conservation between herbaceous and woody perennial plants in shoot system regulation by overexpression and RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated suppression of poplar orthologs of CEN, and the related gene MOTHER OF FT AND TFL 1 (MFT). Field study of transgenic poplars (Populus spp.) for over 6 years showed that downregulation of PopCEN1 and its close paralog, PopCEN2, accelerated the onset of mature tree characteristics, including age of first flowering, number of inflorescences and proportion of short shoots. Surprisingly, terminal vegetative meristems remained indeterminate in PopCEN1-RNAi trees, suggesting the possibility that florigen signals are transported to axillary mersitems rather than the shoot apex. However, the axillary inflorescences (catkins) of PopCEN1-RNAi trees contained fewer flowers than did wild-type catkins, suggesting a possible role in maintaining the indeterminacy of the inflorescence apex. Expression of PopCEN1 was significantly correlated with delayed spring bud flush in multiple years, and in controlled environment experiments, 35S::PopCEN1 and RNAi transgenics required different chilling times to release dormancy. Considered together, these results indicate that PopCEN1/PopCEN2 help to integrate shoot developmental transitions that recur during each seasonal cycle with the age-related changes that occur over years of growth.
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