Recently developed robotics technologies are used not only in factories, but also in our daily living environment. Human-interactive robots, used to improve the quality of life, are becoming ...increasingly common. Their purposes and functions vary depending on their use, such as assistance, therapy, guide, entertainment, and education. Robot therapy, which uses robots as a substitution for animals in "animal therapy," is a new robot application in the fields of welfare and patient care. The seal robot PARO began development for robot therapy in 1993. PARO was commercialized in Japan in 2005, and in Europe and the United States in 2009, and it has been used in hospitals and care facilities in approximately 30 countries. Recent research has revealed that robot therapy has a similar effect on patients as animal therapy. In 2009, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) certified PARO as a "biofeedback medical device." While PARO can be used in various kinds of therapy similar to that where real animals are used, this study focuses on its use with elderly dementia patients because explicit differences can be easily observed before and after interacting with PARO. First, this paper explains the purposes and functions of PARO. Second, because there are several observational studies on the therapeutic effects of the elderly with dementia interacting with PARO, some typical cases and interesting special cases are introduced. These cases include recovery from depression, reduction of agitation, and recovery from speech disorders. Finally, this paper discusses why PARO has the potential to change moods and behaviors of the elderly with dementia as a nonpharmacological approach.
The Pauson–Khand‐type reaction is formally a 2+2+1 cycloaddition involving an alkyne, an alkene and carbon monoxide catalyzed or mediated by transition metal complexes. This review focuses on the ...catalytic reaction and describes the recent research on the Pauson–Khand‐type reaction.
Mental healthcare of elderly people is a common problem in advanced countries. Recently, high technology has developed robots for use not only in factories but also for our living environment. In ...particular, human-interactive robots for psychological enrichment, which provide services by interacting with humans while stimulating their minds, are rapidly spreading. Such robots not only simply entertain but also render assistance, guide, provide therapy, educate, enable communication, and so on. Robot therapy, which uses robots as a substitution for animals in animal-assisted therapy and activity, is a new application of robots and is attracting the attention of many researchers and psychologists. The seal robot named Paro was developed especially for robot therapy and was used at hospitals and facilities for elderly people in several countries. Recent research has revealed that robot therapy has the same effects on people as animal therapy. In addition, it is being recognized as a new method of mental healthcare for elderly people. In this mini review, we introduce the merits and demerits of animal therapy. Then we explain the human-interactive robot for psychological enrichment, the required functions for therapeutic robots, and the seal robot. Finally, we provide examples of robot therapy for elderly people, including dementia patients.
“PARO” aims to be a “substitute for pets” in general households and a “substitute for animal therapy” in the medical and welfare fields. PARO is a “welfare device” in Japan, and a “biofeedback ...medical device” in the United States and Europe, where medical welfare systems are different. As for infection prevention and control, PARO’s artificial fur is treated with antibacterial and antiviral processing that contains silver ions so that it can be used in isolation wards for patients with weak immune systems. The VA hospitals in the US and the National Health Service in the UK evaluated and approved the cleaning and disinfection protocol of PARO. PARO has been used in home care and medical care for from children to the elderly with various diseases and disabilities, as well as medical and welfare facilities for from advanced acute to chronic and end-of-life care in more than 30 countries around the world, even during the corona pandemic. Regarding the therapeutic effects of PARO, evidence was accumulated from the results of clinical trials including randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in various countries and the results of meta-analyses. In the UK, PARO was listed as a treatment with high-quality evidence in the “NICE guidelines” for “dementia” as a “non-pharmacological treatment”. In this paper, I will describe the evidence and how PARO is being incorporated into medical and welfare systems around the world. In addition, as an initiative to address social issues, PARO has been used to provide emotional support to victims of the Great East Japan Earthquake and other disasters, as well as refugees from Ukraine to Poland following the invasion of Russia.
The cationic rhodium‐catalyzed alkenylation proceeds at the C‐8 position of quinoline N‐oxides. Regioselective CH bond activation was achieved by the directing effect of the anionic oxygen of an ...N‐oxide moiety, which can be readily removed by reductive treatment. A variety of 8‐alkenylated quinoline N‐oxides was obtained in moderate to high yields.
Chiral polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are expected to have unusual physical properties due to their chirality and expanded π-conjugated system. Indeed, PAHs are promising compounds as chiral ...recognizers and organic semiconductors. Therefore, an efficient method for the synthesis of chiral PAHs is strongly desired. In contrast to helically chiral PAHs, there are only limited examples of the enantioselective synthesis of axially chiral PAHs. Herein, we report the catalytic enantioselective synthesis of benzobfluoranthene-based axially chiral PAHs in excellent yields and enantioselectivities (up to >99%, >99% ee) by regioselective cleavage of the sterically hindered C–C bond of biphenylenes. The consecutive cyclizations could provide polycyclic PAHs with two chiral axes. The obtained chiral PAHs have high ε values (up to ε = 8.9 × 104), quantum yields (up to Φ = 0.67), and circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) property (|g lum| = up to 3.5 × 10–3).
Ir(cod)2BARF BARF = tetrakis(3,5-trifluoromethylphenyl)borate catalyzed the directed alkenylation and alkylation of ferrocenes to form a variety of tri- and disubstituted ferrocenes. Mechanistic ...investigation revealed several putative intermediates along with the importance of COD (1,5-cyclooctadiene), as a diene ligand, and a possible catalyst deactivation pathway. On the basis of the mechanistic investigation, catalytic activity was further improved.
Enantioselective synthesis of azepine-fused planar-chiral ferrocenes was achieved by the chiral cationic Pt-catalyzed intramolecular cycloisomerization of N-propargyl-2-ferrocenylanilines. A ...mechanistic study using an N-allenyl analogue indicated that the reaction proceeded selectively in a 7-exo-dig manner along with isomerization of the exo-olefin moiety. A methanesulfonylamino tether was crucial for selective cycloisomerization. This is the first example of the enantioselective synthesis of heteropin-fused planar-chiral ferrocenes.
A chiral Ir-catalyzed reaction of α-aryl-α,β-unsaturated amides with β-substituted acrylates proceeded to give formal conjugate adducts in high yield and ee (up to 99% yield and up to 95% ee). This ...is the first example of the enantioselective cross-coupling of two different electron-deficient alkenes via vinylic sp2 C–H activation, and polyfunctionalized chiral compounds were obtained.
Enantioselective cycloisomerization of 2-ethynyl-1-ferrocenylbenzene derivatives proceeded by using a chiral cationic platinum catalyst at room temperature. The intramolecular reaction gave ...planar–chiral naphthalene- and anthracene-fused ferrocene derivatives with high to excellent ee.
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