We present a measurement of the longitudinal spin asymmetry A_|| in photoproduction of pairs of hadrons with high transverse momentum p_T. Data were accumulated by the HERMES experiment using a 27.5 ...GeV polarized positron beam and a polarized hydrogen target internal to the HERA storage ring. For h+h- pairs with p_T^h_1 > 1.5 GeV/c and p_T^h_2 > 1.0 GeV/c, the measured asymmetry is A_|| = -0.28 +/- 0.12 (stat.) +/- 0.02 (syst.). This negative value is in contrast to the positive asymmetries typically measured in deep inelastic scattering from protons, and is interpreted to arise from a positive gluon polarization.
Spin transfer in deep-inelastic Lambda electroproduction has been studied with the HERMES detector using the 27.6 GeV polarized positron beam in the HERA storage ring. For an average fractional ...energy transfer = 0.45, the longitudinal spin transfer from the virtual photon to the Lambda has been extracted. The spin transfer along the Lambda momentum direction is found to be 0.11 +/- 0.17 (stat) +/- 0.03 (sys); similar values are found for other possible choices for the longitudinal spin direction of the Lambda. This result is the most precise value obtained to date from deep-inelastic scattering with charged lepton beams, and is sensitive to polarized up quark fragmentation to hyperon states. The experimental result is found to be in general agreement with various models of the Lambda spin content, and is consistent with the assumption of helicity conservation in the fragmentation process.
Oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) catalyzes the cotranslational transfer of high-mannose sugars to nascent polypeptides during N-linked glycosylation in the rough endoplasmic reticulum lumen. Nine OST ...subunits have been identified in yeast. However, the composition and organization of mammalian OST remain unclear. Using two-dimensional Blue Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis/sodium dodecyl sulfate−polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry, we now demonstrate that mammalian OST can be isolated from solubilized, actively engaged ribosomes as multiple distinct protein complexes that range in size from ∼500 to 700 kDa. These complexes exhibit different ribosome affinities and subunit compositions. The major complex, OSTCI, had an apparent size of ∼500 kDa and was readily released from ribosome translocon complexes after puromycin treatment under physiological salt conditions. Two additional complexes were released only after treatment with high salt: OSTCII (∼600 kDa) and OSTCIII (∼700 kDa). Both remained stably associated with heterotrimeric Sec61αβγ, while OSTCIII also contained the tetrameric TRAP complex. All known mammalian OST subunits (STT3-A, ribophorin I, ribophorin II, OST48, and DAD1) were present in all complexes. In addition, two previously uncharacterized proteins were also copurified with OST. Mass spectrometry identified a 17 kDa protein as DC2 which is weakly homologous to the C-terminal half of yeast Ost3p and Ost6p. The second protein (14 kDa) was tentatively identified as keratinocyte-associated protein 2 (KCP2) and has no previously known function. Our results identify two potential new subunits of mammalian OST and demonstrate a remarkable heterogeneity in OST composition that may reflect a means for controlling nascent chain glycosylation.
Background and purpose It has been suggested that avascular osteonecrosis (AVN) of the femoral head develops early after renal transplantation. We evaluated the relationship between risk of AVN and ...dose of steroids administered in different time periods.
Methods Development of AVN was determined using MRI at 3-6 weeks, 9-12 weeks, 24 weeks, and 12 months after transplantation in 150 patients (96 males). We investigated possible associations between acute rejection reactions, the dose of cyclosporine, tacrolimus use, total steroid dose by the second, fourth, sixth, or eighth weeks after transplantation, and incidence of AVN.
Results There was no statistically significant difference between incidence of AVN and presence or absence of an acute rejection reaction. We found a statistically significant association between AVN incidence and the total dose of steroids administered during the first 2 months after transplantation, and there was a doseresponse relationship. No other statistically significant associations were found.
Interpretation Our findings confirm that the total dose of steroids given within the first 2 months after renal transplantation has a great influence on the incidence of AVN.
Background and Aim: Tumor–mesenchymal interactions are involved in the mechanism of tumor invasion in several types of carcinoma. Mutual interactions between carcinoma cells and neutrophils, ...however, have been poorly understood. In the present study we examined the effect of neutrophils on invasion activities of carcinoma cells in vitro. Role of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) as a mediator was also evaluated.
Methods: Using a Matrigel invasion chamber, invasion activities of HuCC‐T1 human cholangiocellular carcinoma cells and HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells in response to recombinant HGF or neutrophils were evaluated.
Results: Recombinant HGF dose‐dependently increased invasion activities of HuCC‐T1 and HepG2 cells. Neutrophils significantly enhanced invasion activities of these cells, which were suppressed to the respective basal levels with anti‐HGF antibody. The carcinoma cells did not secrete HGF. Neutrophils cultivated in tumor condition medium (TCM) of HuCC‐T1 or HepG2 cells secreted a significant level of HGF protein without increasing HGF mRNA expression. Treatment with heat or ultrafiltration of TCM of HuCC‐T1 or HepG2 cells suggested carcinoma cell‐derived HGF inducer(s) to be certain protein(s) with a molecular weight of more than 30 000.
Conclusions: The present study suggests the presence of mutual interactions between HuCC‐T1/HepG2 carcinoma cells and neutrophils in tumor invasion via paracrine regulation mediated by neutrophil‐derived HGF.
This volume is the first comprehensive survey of the sociolinguistic studies on Japanese. Japanese, like other languages, has developed a highly diverse linguistic system that is realized as ...variation shaped by interactions of linguistic and social factors. This volume primarily focuses on both classic and current topics of sociolinguistics that were first studied in Western languages, and then subsequently examined in the Japanese language. The topics in this volume cover major issues in sociolinguistics that also characterize sociolinguistic features of Japanese. Such topics as gender, honorifics, and politeness are particularly pertinent to Japanese, as is well-known in general sociolinguistics. At the same time, this volume includes studies on other topics such as social stratification, discourse, contact, and language policy, which have been widely conducted in the Japanese context. In addition, this volume introduces "domestic" approaches to sociolinguistics developed in Japan. They emerged a few decades before the development of the so-called Labovian and Hymesian sociolinguistics in the US, and they have shaped a unique development of sociolinguistic studies in Japan. Contents Part I: History Chapter 1: Research methodology Florian Coulmas Chapter 2: Japan and the international sociolinguistic community Yoshiyuki Asahi and J.K. Chambers Chapter 3: Language life Takehiro Shioda Part II: Sociolinguistic patterns Chapter 4: Style, prestige, and salience in language change in progress Fumio Inoue Chapter 5: Group language (sh?dango) Taro Nakanishi Chapter 6: Male-female differences in Japanese Yoshimitsu Ozaki Part III: Language and gender Chapter 7: Historical overview of language and gender studies: From past to future Orie Endo and Hideko Abe Chapter 8: Genderization in Japanese: A typological view Katsue A. Reynolds Chapter 9: Feminist approaches to Japanese language, gender, and sexuality Momoko Nakamura Part IV: Honorifics and politeness Chapter 10: Japanese honorifics Takashi Nagata Chapter 11: Intersection of traditional Japanese honorific theories and Western politeness theories Masato Takiura Chapter 12: Intersection of discourse politeness theory and interpersonal Communication Mayumi Usami Part V: Culture and discourse phenomena Chapter 13: Subjective expression and its roles in Japanese discourse: Its development in Japanese and impact on general linguistics Yoko Ujiie Chapter 14: Style, character, and creativity in the discourse of Japanese popular culture: Focusing on light novels and keitai novels Senko K. Maynard Chapter 15: Sociopragmatics of political discourse Shoji Azuma Part VI: Language contact Chapter 16: Contact dialects of Japanese Yoshiyuki Asahi Chapter 17: Japanese loanwords and lendwords Frank E. Daulton Chapter 18: Japanese language varieties outside Japan Mie Hiramoto Chapter 19: Language contact and contact languages in Japan Daniel Long Part VII: Language policy Chapter 20: Chinese characters: Variation, policy, and landscape Hiroyuki Sasahara Chapter 21: Language, economy, and nation Katsumi Shibuya
Fractionation of the 50% ethanol extract of Polyporus umbellatus Fries by column chromatography on Amberlite XAD-2, silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 and octadecyl silica gel (ODS) (C18)) monitored by a ...hair-regrowth activity assay, afforded three active principles, 1, 2 and 3. The structures of 1, 2 and 3 were determined as acetosyringone, polyporusterone A, and polyporusterone B by comparison of their spectral data with that of authentic samples, respectively. The effects of several compounds related to acetosyringone, 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde or polyporusterone A on hair regrowth were also investigated.
The Serratia marcescens Lip exporter belonging to the ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) exporter is known to be involved in signal peptide‐independent extracellular secretion of a lipase and a ...metalloprotease. Although the genes of secretory proteins and their ABC exporters are usually all reported to be linked in several Gram‐negative bacteria, neither the lipase nor the protease gene is located close to the Lip exporter genes, lipBCD. A gene (slaA) located upstream of the lipBCD genes was cloned, revealing that it encodes a polypeptide of 100 kDa and is partially similar to the Caulobacter crescentus paracrystalline cell surface layer (S‐layer) protein. The Lip exporter‐deficient mutants of S. marcescens failed to secrete the SlaA protein. Electron micrography demonstrated the cell surface layer of S. marcescens. The S‐layer protein was secreted to the cultured media in Escherichia coli cells carrying the Lip exporter. Three ABC exporters, Prt, Has and Hly systems, could not allow the S‐layer secretion, indicating that the S. marcescens S‐layer protein is strictly recognized by the Lip system. This is the first report concerning secretion of an S‐layer protein via its own secretion system.
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