This article attempts to lay the conceptual foundations of voice phenomena, ranging from the familiar active/passive contrast to the ergative/antipassive opposition, as well as voice functions of ...split case-marking in both transitive and intransitive constructions. We advance the claim that major voice phenomena have conceptual bases rooted in the human cognition of actions, which have evolutionary properties pertaining to their origin, development, and termination. The notion of transitivity is integral to the study of voice as evident from the fact that the so-called transitivity parameters identified by Hopper and Thompson (1980) and others are in the main concerned with these evolutionary properties of an action, and also from the fact that the phenomena dealt with in these studies are mostly voice phenomena. A number of claims made in past studies of voice and in some widely-received definitions of voice are shown to be false. In particular, voice oppositions are typically based on conceptual — as opposed to pragmatic — meanings, may not alter argument alignment patterns, may not change verbal valency, and may not even trigger verbal marking. There are also voice oppositions more basic and wide-spread than the active/passive system, upon which popular definitions of voice are typically based.
Background and purpose It has been suggested that avascular osteonecrosis (AVN) of the femoral head develops early after renal transplantation. We evaluated the relationship between risk of AVN and ...dose of steroids administered in different time periods.
Methods Development of AVN was determined using MRI at 3-6 weeks, 9-12 weeks, 24 weeks, and 12 months after transplantation in 150 patients (96 males). We investigated possible associations between acute rejection reactions, the dose of cyclosporine, tacrolimus use, total steroid dose by the second, fourth, sixth, or eighth weeks after transplantation, and incidence of AVN.
Results There was no statistically significant difference between incidence of AVN and presence or absence of an acute rejection reaction. We found a statistically significant association between AVN incidence and the total dose of steroids administered during the first 2 months after transplantation, and there was a doseresponse relationship. No other statistically significant associations were found.
Interpretation Our findings confirm that the total dose of steroids given within the first 2 months after renal transplantation has a great influence on the incidence of AVN.
Isohemigossypolone (1) and 2-O-methylisohemigossypolone (2), major fungitoxins of Pachira aquatica, were found to accumulate locally in the outer bark of the swollen trunk, whereas the inner bark and ...heartwood contained only a trace amount of them. From P. aquatica that was infected with a phytopathogenic bacterium, we detected significant amounts of 1 and 2 from browned inner tissues of the swollen trunk. According to a quantitative analysis by a gas-chromatograph, the concentration of 1 in the diseased inner tissues was calculated to be approximately 780 mu-g/g f.w., which was the same level as that in the outer bark of healthy individuals. These findings suggest that the inner tissues inducibly produced and accumulated antifungals 1 and 2 during infection events, as do many plants with phytoalexins. 11-Nor-2-O-methylisohemigossypolone (3), showing approximately equivalent fungitoxic activity to that of 1 and 2, was also isolated from the infected inner tissues. We screened pathogenic bacteria from the infected tissue, and isolated a rod-shaped bacterium that was tentatively identified as Pseudomonas sp. which promoted tissuebrowning on sectioned disks of P. aquatica trunks
In a first experiment, 28 specific pathogen-free chickens aged 3 weeks showed clinical signs 1 to 5 days after intramuscular inoculation with
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. Twelve of 28 birds died 2 ...to 4 days after inoculation. Macroscopically, the liver, spleen and kidneys were seen to be enlarged and congested. Histologically, fibrinous thrombus formation, seen in the hepatic sinusoids, renal glomerular capillaries and small pulmonary blood vessels, was a characteristic feature. In addition, the liver showed marked congestion, increase of mononuclear cells and heterophils in the sinusoids, hyperplasia of sinusoidal lining cells, and vacuolar changes in hepatic cells. The spleen showed fibrinous exudation of the lymphoid follicles and ellipsoids with lymphocytic depletion, and hyperplasia of ellipsoidal reticular cells. There was oedema, congestion and cellular infiltration in the interstitium of the kidney. The bursa of Fabricius and thymus showed marked lymphocytic depletion. In a second experiment, the blood chemical values (uric acid, glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase) of birds inoculated intramuscularly with
E. rhusiopathiae were significantly higher than those of uninfected controls. The blood prothrombin times and activated partial thromboplastin times of the inoculated group were significantly greater than those of the control group. The pathological and haematological findings demonstrated that
E. rhusiopathiae induced disseminated intravascular coagulation in the chickens.
It is well known that, in languages of the world, the passive expression is related to constructions such as reflexives and reciprocals. This paper pays special attention to the less familiar ...correlations of passives to spontaneous, potential, honorific, and plural formations; and it is argued that presently available characterizations of the passive are unable to offer explanations for these correlations. A satisfactory characterization must include a framework in which one can determine the nature of 'pseudo-passives', 'impersonal passives' etc. To achieve these goals, a prototype approach is adopted, and the passive prototype is defined. It is also shown that current controversies over whether passives should be analysed as promotional or demotional phenomena find a natural answer when a wider range of passive-related phenomena is examined.
Passive and Voice Shibatani, Masayoshi
1988, 1988-01-01, Letnik:
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eBook
This volume brings together 18 original papers dealing with voice-related phenomena.The languages dealt with represent both typological and geographic diversity, ranging from accusative-type ...languages to ergative-type and Philippine-type languages, and from Australia to Africa and Siberia. The studies presented here open up many possibilities for theorizing and offer data inviting formal treatments, but the most important contribution they make is in terms of the insights they offer for a better understanding of the fundamentals of voice phenomena.
The present study examined initial changes in non-traumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONF) on T1- and T2-weighted MR images, and fat suppression images. The subjects were 57 renal transplant ...recipients (37 males and 20 females), whose median age at the time of transplantation was 31.5 years old (range, 10 to 58 years). Twelve patients developed band patterns (sign of established ONF) at an early postoperative period. Among them, 4 joints of 3 patients had a localized, faint signal abnormality in fat suppression images, where band pattern was confirmed later in T1- and T2-weighted images. In all the 57 patients, no bone marrow edema preceding to ONF was observed. Bone marrow edema would not be the cause of ONF in renal transplant patients. Early changes depicted in our fat suppression images would be useful information in the studies on pathogenesis of ONF.
A major fungitoxin in the root of Pachira aquatica (Bombacaceae) was isolated and identified as isohemigossypolone. Quantitative analysis of isohemigossypolone in different parts of P. aquatica ...revealed that the outer bark of the swollen trunk accumulated a large amount of the fungitoxin. The concentration of the substance was more than 1 mg/g fresh weight in the outer bark tissues. Pure isohemigossypolone showed clear antifungal activity against Pythium ultimum at a minimum dose of 10 micrograms/disk, and it may function as a defensive chemical to protect storage tissues of P. aquatica.
Rats were maintained on 50 kGy electron irradiation diets. Effects of the diets on reproductive performance of parents and developmental performance of fetuses (F1 and F2) were studied by comparison ...with data in rats maintained on gamma irradiation diets, as control animals, and the background data of our facility. As the result, no specific changes were observed in the group maintained on electron irradiation diets. Electron irradiation diets sterilized under the condition of 50 kGy irradiation in the present study, as well as the existing gamma irradiation diets, were found to be useful for breeding and nursing rats.
While relational grammar regards grammatical relations as theoretical primitives that play a central role in the formulation of syntactic rules, there has been no critical assessment of the fact that ...grammatical relations and surface cases are often confused by both traditional and transformational grammarians. This paper shows that grammatical relations and cases must be clearly distinguished, as there are distinct rules that are sensitive to each. Investigation of the data from Japanese and Korean specifically shows that, in these languages, the rule of Quantifier Floating-which the proponents of relational grammar have alleged to be universally sensitive to grammatical relations-must, in fact, be stated in terms of cases, while the rules of Reflexivization and Subject Honorification must be formulated in terms of grammatical relations. In addition to these syntactic processes, this paper critically examines whether there are, in fact, two subjects in the so-called double-subject construction in Japanese.
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