We investigated the distribution of the high-affinity neurotrophin receptors TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC in a wide range of normal non-neuronal tissues of adult human by immunohistochemical methods. Trk ...immunoreactivity (IR) was detected at various levels in all tissues examined, except for the heart and liver. The gastric parietal cells showed strong TrkA and TrkC IR and all of the Trks had IR for the putative intestinal neuroendocrine cells. In the pancreas, TrkA and TrkC IR was detected in the sub-intralobular ducts, whereas TrkB IR was found specifically in the alpha-islet cells. The lymph node and spleen exhibited TrkB IR in monocytes/macrophages. The adrenal cortex showed selective TrkA IR with TrkC IR in the medulla. In the reproductive system, TrkA IR was detected in the prostatic epithelial cells, TrkC in the ovarian theca and granulosa cells, TrkA and TrkC in the secretory-phase endometrium, and TrkA in the mammary ducts. The kidney showed strong TrkA and TrkC IR in it tubules, but no Trk receptors were present in the glomeruli. In the skin, TrkA and TrkB/TrkC were present in the basal and granular layers of the epidermis, respectively.
An event topology with two secondary vertices compatible with the decay of short-lived particles was found in the analysis of neutrino interactions in the OPERA target. The observed topology is ...compatible with tau neutrino charged current (CC) interactions with charm production and neutrino neutral current (NC) interactions with Formula omitted pair production. However, other processes can mimic this topology. A dedicated analysis was implemented to identify the underlying process. A Monte Carlo simulation was developed and complementary procedures were introduced in the kinematic reconstruction. A multivariate analysis technique was used to achieve an optimal separation of signal from background. Most likely, this event is a Formula omitted CC interaction with charm production, the tau and charm particle decaying into 1 prong and 2 prongs, respectively. The significance of this observation is evaluated.
The OPERA experiment was designed to search for
ν
μ
→
ν
τ
oscillations in appearance mode through the direct observation of tau neutrinos in the CNGS neutrino beam. In this paper, we report a study ...of the multiplicity of charged particles produced in charged-current neutrino interactions in lead. We present charged hadron average multiplicities, their dispersion and investigate the KNO scaling in different kinematical regions. The results are presented in detail in the form of tables that can be used in the validation of Monte Carlo generators of neutrino–lead interactions.
The OPERA experiment was designed to discover the v
appearance in a v
beam, due to neutrino oscillations. The detector, located in the underground Gran Sasso Laboratory, consisted of a nuclear ...photographic emulsion/lead target with a mass of about 1.25 kt, complemented by electronic detectors. It was exposed from 2008 to 2012 to the CNGS beam: an almost pure v
beam with a baseline of 730 km, collecting a total of 1.8·10
protons on target. The OPERA Collaboration eventually assessed the discovery of v
→v
oscillations with a statistical significance of 6.1 σ by observing ten v
CC interaction candidates. These events have been published on the Open Data Portal at CERN. This paper provides a detailed description of the v
data sample to make it usable by the whole community.
The OPERA experiment has discovered the tau neutrino appearance in the CNGS muon neutrino beam, in agreement with the 3 neutrino flavour oscillation hypothesis. The OPERA neutrino interaction target, ...made of Emulsion Cloud Chambers, was particularly efficient in the reconstruction of electromagnetic showers. Moreover, thanks to the very high granularity of the emulsion films, showers induced by electrons can be distinguished from those induced by π0s, thus allowing the detection of charged current interactions of electron neutrinos. In this paper the results of the search for electron neutrino events using the full dataset are reported. An improved method for the electron neutrino energy estimation is exploited. Data are compatible with the 3 neutrino flavour mixing model expectations and are used to set limits on the oscillation parameters of the 3+1 neutrino mixing model, in which an additional mass eigenstate m4 is introduced. At high Δm412 (≳0.1 eV2), an upper limit on sin2 2θμe is set to 0.021 at 90% C.L. and Δm412 ≳ 4 × 10− 3 eV2 is excluded for maximal mixing in appearance mode.
AIM To study the molecular mechanisms involved in the hepatoprotective effects of naringenin(NAR)on carbon tetrachloride(CCl4)-induced liver fibrosis.METHODS Thirty-two male Wistar rats(120-150 ...g)were randomly divided into four groups:(1)a control group(n=8)that received 0.7%carboxy methyl-cellulose(NAR vehicle)1 m L/daily p.o.;(2)a CCl4 group(n=8)that received 400 mg of CCl4/kg body weight i.p.3 times a week for 8 wk;(3)a CCl4+NAR(n=8)group that received 400 mg of CCl4/kg body weight i.p.3times a week for 8 wk and 100 mg of NAR/kg body weight daily for 8 wk p.o.;and(4)an NAR group(n=8)that received 100 mg of NAR/kg body weight daily for 8 wk p.o.After the experimental period,animals were sacrificed under ketamine and xylazine anesthesia.Liver damage markers such as alanine aminotransferase(ALT),alkaline phosphatase(AP),γ-glutamyl transpeptidase(γ-GTP),reduced glutathione(GSH),glycogen content,lipid peroxidation(LPO)and collagen content were measured.The enzymatic activity of glutathione peroxidase(GPx)was assessed.Liver histopathology was performed utilizing Masson’s trichrome and hematoxylin-eosin stains.Zymography assays for MMP-9 and MMP-2 were carried out.Hepatic TGF-β,α-SMA,CTGF,Col-I,MMP-13,NF-κB,IL-1,IL-10,Smad7,Smad3,p Smad3 and p JNK proteins were detected via western blot.RESULTS NAR administration prevented increases in ALT,AP,γ-GTP,and GPx enzymatic activity;depletion of GSH and glycogen;and increases in LPO and collagen produced by chronic CCl4 intoxication(P<0.05).Liver histopathology showed a decrease in collagen deposition when rats received NAR in addition to CCl4.Although zymography assays showed that CCl4 produced an increase in MMP-9 and MMP-2gelatinase activity;interestingly,NAR administration was associated with normal MMP-9 and MMP-2 activity(P<0.05).The anti-inflammatory,antinecrotic and antifibrotic effects of NAR may be attributed to its ability to prevent NF-κB activation and the subsequent production of IL-1 and IL-10(P<0.05).NAR completely prevented the increase in TGF-β,α-SMA,CTGF,Col-1,and MMP-13 proteins compared with the CCl4-treated group(P<0.05).NAR prevented Smad3phosphorylation in the linker region by JNK since this flavonoid blocked this kinase(P<0.05).CONCLUSION NAR prevents CCl4 induced liver inflammation,necrosis and fibrosis,due to its antioxidant capacity as a free radical inhibitor and by inhibiting the NF-κB,TGF-β-Smad3 and JNK-Smad3 pathways.
This paper describes an extension of our previous technique for making 2D animation by drawing effect lines, which is a popular technique that represents motions and emotions in cartoons. It ...incorporates multi-step effect lines in one keyframe and constraints on the motions of objects. The new features improve the user's expressive power for specifying 2D animation interactively.
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