Introduction
Suicide is recognized as a social problem and the interest in preventive measures to diminish suicide risk is constantly increasing. But scientific research results that distinguish ...between those who have only suicidal ideation (SI) and those who have a history of Suicidal attempts (SA) are limited. Inhibitory control is regarded as an important ability related to the transition from suicidal ideation to suicide attempts. In event-related potential, patients with dysfunction of inhibitory control demonstrate a reduction in the no-go amplitude.
Objectives
This study aimed to determine the association between the no-go event-related potential component and suicidal behaviors among suicide attempters and ideators who never attempted suicide.
Methods
Overall, 150 patients who visited the emergency room by suicide attempts or patients who visited the psychiatric department with suicidal ideation were recruited and instructed to perform a go/no-go task during electroencephalography recording. The Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Barratt Impulsivity Scale, Difficulties in Emotional Regulation Scale, and Acquired Capability for Suicide Scale were used. Individuals were divided into two groups: those with suicidal attempts (SA group) and with suicidal ideation (SI group) without SA. The psychological characteristics and event-related potentials of the two groups were compared. Correlation analyses were conducted to test the association between the clinical characteristics and event-related potentials.
Results
The SA group had significantly decreased no-go P3 amplitudes at all electrodes compared to the SI group. In the correlation analysis between the clinical measurements and event-related potentials in all the participants, no-go P3 amplitudes in whole electrode sites were negatively correlated with the scores of the acquired capability for the suicide scale.
Conclusions
This study revealed that suicide attempters have dysfunction in controlling inhibition compared to suicide ideators reflected in the no-go P3. Our findings suggested that no-go P3 can be a biomarker associated suicide attempts in suicide ideators.
Disclosure of Interest
None Declared
The book provides a foundation of knowledge on the social and environmental underpinnings of mental health and mental illnesses for clinical and policy decision making, with a goal to improve the ...mental health of individuals across diverse communities and the mental health of the nation.
Dense silica polymorphs with sixfold coordinated Si have been found in SNC and lunar meteorites and may be important minerals for silica‐rich components in the lower mantle. However, the stable ...crystal structure in the lower mantle and properties of dense silica remain controversial. Under stable heating and quasi‐hydrostatic stress conditions, we found that the CaCl2 type undergoes a phase transition to the α‐PbO2type (seifertite) at 130–140 GPa and 2500 K. Our data suggest that this phase transition occurs at a greater depth than the perovskite → postperovskite transition in the lowermost mantle. The molar volume measured at 1 bar is the smallest among the reported silica polymorphs, therefore having the highest calculated density and in excellent agreement with recent first‐principles calculations. The greater molar volume of seifertite found in the shergottite meteorite and previous experiments supports a metastable synthesis of the phase outside its stability field. Our data combined with the Hugoniots of silica polymorphs also rule out the possibility of the formation of seifertite in the meteorite within its stability field. We found very little change in bulk sound speed across the CaCl2‐type → seifertite transition. If shear wave velocity decreases at the transition to seifertite as suggested by some computational studies, this silica transition may provide an alternative explanation for the discontinuities with a shear wave velocity decrease found at depths greater than the D″discontinuity.
Key Points
Equation of state of seifertite from 1 bar to 140 GPa
Silica may account for some D
Stability field supports metastable origin of seifertite in SNC's first‐principles
Relativistic coupled channel analyses based on the Dirac equation are presented for polarized 800-MeV proton inelastic scatterings from an axially symmetric deformed nucleus
92
Zr
by using an optical ...potential model and the first-order collective model. The sequential iteration method using a computer program is employed to solve the complicated Dirac coupled channel equations. The optical potential parameters of the Woods–Saxon shape and the deformation parameters of several low-lying excited states are determined phenomenologically and analyzed. The coupled channel effect between the excited states that belong to the ground-state rotational band is investigated.
The lower mantle is believed to contain much less hydrogen (or H2O) because of the low storage capacity of the dominant mineral phases, such as bridgmanite and ferropericlase. However, possible ...hydrogen storage in the third most abundant mineral in the region, CaSiO3 perovskite (Ca-Pv), is not well unknown. We have synthesized Ca-Pv from different starting materials with varying H2O contents at 19–120 GPa and 1400–2200 K in laser-heated diamond-anvil cell. While cubic perovskite structure is stable at the mantle-related pressures-temperatures (P−T) in anhydrous systems, we found non-cubic diffraction peak splitting in Ca-Pv even at high temperatures when it is synthesized from hydrous starting materials. In-situ high-pressure infrared spectroscopy showed OH vibration possibly from Ca-Pv. The unit-cell volume of hydrothermally synthesized Ca-Pv is systematically smaller than that of anhydrous Ca-Pv at high pressures. These observations suggest possible H2O storage in Ca-Pv at mantle-related P−T conditions. We also found the formation of separate δ–AlOOH and Ca-Pv phases from Al-bearing CaSiO3 glass starting materials in an H2O medium at 60 GPa and 1400 K. Ca-Pv still showed non-cubic peak splitting at high temperatures in this experiment. Therefore, it is possible that hydrous phases may coexist together with hydrous Ca-Pv in the lower mantle.
•Water alters the crystal structure and properties of CaSiO3 perovskite.•Hydrous CaSiO3 perovskite has a tetragonal structure at mantle-related high temperatures.•Al separates from CaSiO3 perovskite and forms delta-AlOOH at mantle-related pressures.
A NiAl–Mo eutectic was directionally solidified to produce composites with well-aligned single-crystal Mo-alloy fibers embedded in a NiAl matrix. They were pre-strained by compressing along the fiber ...axis and then the matrix was etched away to expose free-standing micropillars having different sizes (360–1400
nm) and different amounts of pre-strain (0–11%). Compression testing of the pillars revealed a variety of behaviors. At one extreme were the as-grown pillars (0% pre-strain) which behaved like dislocation-free materials, with yield stresses approaching the theoretical strength, independent of pillar size. At the other extreme were pillars pre-strained 11% which behaved like the bulk, with reproducible stress–strain curves, relatively low yield strengths, stable work-hardening and no size dependence. At intermediate pre-strains (4–8%), the stress–strain curves were stochastic and exhibited considerable scatter in strength. This scatter decreased with increasing pre-strain and pillar size, suggesting a transition from discrete to collective dislocation behavior.
Examples of racial injustice (including COVID-19 inequities, police killings of Black people, and mass shootings targeting specific racial and ethnic groups) are prevalent in U.S. society. There is a ...growing understanding that trauma caused by racial injustice has extensive impacts on mental health. There is also increasing evidence that the social determinants of mental health--defined by the World Health Organization as "the societal, environmental, and economic conditions that impact and affect health outcomes"--are primarily responsible for the well-documented mental health inequities seen among various racial and ethnic population groups in the United States. Data on the prevalence rates of mental illness and substance use disorders across racial and ethnic groups vary widely. The reasons for this are multifactorial but are situated largely in the imprecision of racial categorizations and measurements of race. Despite this inconsistency, certain inequities in psychiatric diagnoses are persistent and enduring.
Stroke and late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) are risk factors for each other; the comorbidity of these brain disorders in aging individuals represents a significant challenge in basic research and ...clinical practice. The similarities and differences between stroke and AD in terms of pathogenesis and pathophysiology, however, have rarely been comparably reviewed. Here, we discuss the research background and recent progresses that are important and informative for the comorbidity of stroke and late-onset AD and related dementia (ADRD). Glutamatergic NMDA receptor (NMDAR) activity and NMDAR-mediated Ca
influx are essential for neuronal function and cell survival. An ischemic insult, however, can cause rapid increases in glutamate concentration and excessive activation of NMDARs, leading to swift Ca
overload in neuronal cells and acute excitotoxicity within hours and days. On the other hand, mild upregulation of NMDAR activity, commonly seen in AD animal models and patients, is not immediately cytotoxic. Sustained NMDAR hyperactivity and Ca
dysregulation lasting from months to years, nevertheless, can be pathogenic for slowly evolving events, i.e. degenerative excitotoxicity, in the development of AD/ADRD. Specifically, Ca
influx mediated by extrasynaptic NMDARs (eNMDARs) and a downstream pathway mediated by transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member (TRPM) are primarily responsible for excitotoxicity. On the other hand, the NMDAR subunit GluN3A plays a "gatekeeper" role in NMDAR activity and a neuroprotective role against both acute and chronic excitotoxicity. Thus, ischemic stroke and AD share an NMDAR- and Ca
-mediated pathogenic mechanism that provides a common receptor target for preventive and possibly disease-modifying therapies. Memantine (MEM) preferentially blocks eNMDARs and was approved by the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) for symptomatic treatment of moderate-to-severe AD with variable efficacy. According to the pathogenic role of eNMDARs, it is conceivable that MEM and other eNMDAR antagonists should be administered much earlier, preferably during the presymptomatic phases of AD/ADRD. This anti-AD treatment could simultaneously serve as a preconditioning strategy against stroke that attacks ≥ 50% of AD patients. Future research on the regulation of NMDARs, enduring control of eNMDARs, Ca
homeostasis, and downstream events will provide a promising opportunity to understand and treat the comorbidity of AD/ADRD and stroke.
depression remains a major public health problem that is most often evaluated and treated in primary care settings. The objective of this study was to examine the prevalence, treatment, and control ...of depressive symptoms in a national data sample using a common primary care screening tool for depression.
we analyzed a sample of adults (n = 4836) from 2005 to 2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) to determine the overall prevalence, rates of treatment, and antidepressant control of mild, moderate, moderately severe, and severe depressive symptoms.
of the sample, 20.1% reported significant depressive symptoms (PHQ-9) score, ≥ 5), the majority of whom had mild depressive symptoms (PHQ-9) score, 5-9). Even among individuals with severe depressive symptoms, a large percentage (36.9%) received no treatment from a mental health professional or with antidepressant medication. Of those taking antidepressants, 26.4% reported mild depressive symptoms and 18.8% had moderate, moderately severe, or severe depressive symptoms.
despite greater awareness and treatment of depression in primary care settings, the prevalence of depressive symptoms remains high, treatment levels remain low, and control of depressive symptoms are suboptimal. Primary care providers need to continue to focus their efforts on diagnosing and effectively treating this important disease.
The ionospheric density displays hemispheric asymmetries in the polar region due to various hemispheric differences, for example, in the offset between geographic and geomagnetic poles and in the ...geomagnetic field strength. Using ground‐based ionospheric measurements from Vertical Incidence Pulsed Ionospheric Radar with Dynasonde analysis at Jang Bogo Station (JBS), Antarctica and from EISCAT Svalbard Radar (ESR) where both sites are located mostly in the polar cap, we investigate the hemispheric differences in the ionospheric density between the northern and southern hemispheres for geomagnetically quiet and solar minimum condition. The results are also compared with Thermosphere Ionosphere Electrodynamic Global Circulation Model (TIEGCM) simulations. The observations show larger density and stronger diurnal and seasonal variations at JBS in the southern hemisphere than at Svalbard in the northern hemisphere. The diurnal variations of the density peak height are also observed to be much larger at JBS. In both hemispheres, the ionospheric density is significantly reduced in winter due to the limited solar production at high geographic latitudes, but TIEGCM considerably overestimates winter density, which is even larger than summer density, especially in the northern hemisphere. Also existed are the differences in the equinoctial asymmetry between the observations and the simulations: the daytime F‐region density is observed to be larger in fall than in spring in both hemispheres, but TIEGCM shows the opposite. In general, most of the observed asymmetrical density are much weaker in the model simulation, which may result from lack of proper magnetospheric forcings and neutral dynamics in the model.
Plain Language Summary
The global ionospheric density is not symmetric around the equator due to various reasons. The main reason for the asymmetry would be the asymmetric characteristics of the geomagnetic field. The ionospheric plasma motions are strongly controlled by the magnetic field lines and the magnetospheric energy inputs dominate the polar ionosphere. Therefore, the asymmetric geometry of the magnetic field lines and the offset between the geomagnetic and geographic poles can produce asymmetric density distributions of the ionosphere. However, the investigation of the hemispheric asymmetry has been mostly restricted to the low and mid‐latitude ionosphere and little study has been conducted in the polar ionosphere, mainly due to the lack of observations in the southern hemisphere. Since the establishment of the Jang Bogo Station (JBS), Antarctica in 2014, Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI) has been operating various instruments to observe the ionosphere in association with the thermosphere and the magnetosphere. These observations allow us to investigate the hemispheric asymmetry of the ionospheric density by comparing with the observations in the northern polar region. It is found that the diurnal and seasonal variations of the ionospheric density are much stronger at JBS in the southern hemisphere than in Svalbard in the northern hemisphere.
Key Points
The polar ionospheric density shows larger magnitude and stronger diurnal and seasonal variations at Jang Bogo Station than in Svalbard
The daytime density shows an equinoctial asymmetry which is larger in fall equinox than in spring equinox
Thermosphere Ionosphere Electrodynamic Global Circulation Model significantly overestimates the winter density at high latitudes and shows the opposite equinoctial asymmetry to the observations
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