Public isolated due to the early quarantine regarding coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) increasingly used more social media platforms. Contradictory claims regarding the effect of social media use ...on mental health needs to be resolved. The purpose of the study was to summarise the association between the time spent on social media platform during the COVID-19 quarantine and mental health outcomes (i.e., anxiety and depression).
Studies were screened from the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases. Regarding eligibility criteria, studies conducted after the declaration of the pandemic, studies that measured mental health symptoms with validated tools, and studies that presented quantitative results were eligible. The studies after retrieval evaluated the association between time spent on social media platform and mental health outcomes (i.e. anxiety and depression). The pooled estimates of retrieved studies were summarised in odds ratios (ORs). Data analyses included a random-effect model and an assessment of inter-study heterogeneity. Quality assessment was conducted by two independent researchers using the Risk of Bias Assessment Tool for Nonrandomized Studies (RoBANS). This meta-analysis review was registered in PROSPERO ( https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/ , registration No CRD42021260223, 15 June 2021).
Fourteen studies were included. The increase in the time spent using social media platforms were associated with anxiety symptoms in overall studies (pooled OR = 1.55, 95% CI: 1.30-1.85), and the heterogeneity between studies was mild (I
= 26.77%). Similarly, the increase in social media use time was also associated with depressive symptoms (pooled OR = 1.43, 95% CI: 1.30-1.85), and the heterogeneity between studies was moderate (I
= 67.16%). For sensitivity analysis, the results of analysis including only the "High quality" studies after quality assessment were similar to those of the overall study with low heterogeneity (anxiety: pooled OR = 1.45, 95% CI: 1.21-1.96, I
= 0.00%; depression: pooled OR = 1.42, 95% CI: 0.69-2.90, I
= 0.00%).
The analysis demonstrated that the excessive time spent on social media platform was associated with a greater likelihood of having symptoms of anxiety and depression.
The deformation behavior and microstructure of 6061 aluminum alloy processed by severe plastic deformation (SPD) using biaxial alternate forging that can evaluate the forming limit and mechanical ...properties of alloys, simultaneously, were investigated in this study. A finite element (FE) analysis on the biaxial alternating forging process, considering the strain-hardening coefficient and forging pass of the material, was conducted. When the strain-hardening coefficient is 0, an average effective strain of 440% was found within a diameter of 4 mm in the core of the workpiece after eight passes, while it was 300% at the same pass number when the strain-hardening coefficient was 0.2. The average effective strain estimated from the FE analysis was about 264% after eight passes of forging, which is considered to be a level of SPD that significantly exceeds the elongation of the raw material. As a result of the tensile test according to the forging pass, after two passes, the strength of the material could be gradually improved without significant degradation of elongation. Even though a large strain of 264% was found after eight passes were applied, deformed grains and twins with no recrystallized structure in optical microstructures with different forging passes were found.
Abstract
Background
The role of subclinical hypothyroidism in the development of depression remains controversial. We examined the prospective association between subclinical hypothyroidism and ...incident depressive symptoms.
Methods
We conducted a prospective cohort study of 220,545 middle-age adults without depression who had undergone at least two comprehensive health examinations between 1 January 2011 and 31 December 2014. Thyroid-stimulating hormone, free triiodothyronine (FT3), and free thyroxine (FT4) levels were measured using an electrochemiluminescent immunoassay. The study outcome was incident depressive symptoms, defined as a Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression score >16.
Results
During a median follow-up period of 2 years, incident depressive symptoms occurred in 7323 participants. The multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio for incident depressive symptoms comparing subclinical hypothyroid and euthyroid participants was 0.97 (95% confidence interval, 0.87 to 1.09). Similarly, among euthyroid participants (n = 87,822), no apparent association was found between thyroid hormone levels and an increased risk of incident depressive symptoms.
Conclusions
No apparent association was found between subclinical hypothyroidism and incident depressive symptoms in a large prospective cohort of middle-age men and women.
We examined the prospective association between subclinical hypothyroidism and depression in a large cohort of middle-aged healthy men and women and found no apparent association.
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Energy-storage systems and their production have attracted significant interest for practical applications. Batteries are the foundation of sustainable energy sources for electric ...vehicles (EVs), portable electronic devices (PEDs), etc. In recent decades, Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been extensively utilized in large-scale energy storage devices owing to their long cycle life and high energy density. However, the high cost and limited availability of Li are the two main obstacles for LIBs. In this regard, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are attractive alternatives to LIBs for large-scale energy storage systems because of the abundance and low cost of sodium materials. Cathode is one of the most important components in the battery, which limits cost and performance of a battery. Among the classified cathode structures, layered structure materials have attracted attention because of their high ionic conductivity, fast diffusion rate, and high specific capacity. Here, we present a comprehensive review of the classification of layered structures and the preparation of layered materials. Furthermore, the review article discusses extensively about the issues of the layered materials, namely (1) electrochemical degradation, (2) irreversible structural changes, and (3) structural instability, and also it provides strategies to overcome the issues such as elemental phase composition, a small amount of elemental doping, structural design, and surface alteration for emerging SIBs. In addition, the article discusses about the recent research development on layered unary, binary, ternary, quaternary, quinary, and senary-based O3- and P2-type cathode materials for high-energy SIBs. This review article provides useful information for the development of high-energy layered sodium transition metal oxide P2 and O3-cathode materials for practical SIBs.
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) is a fatal respiratory infection, mostly associated with immunocompromised conditions. Several reports have described PCP development in patients who were not ...immunocompromised, but the clinical course and prognosis of PCP are not well understood. We compared the clinical characteristics and prognoses between patients with and without immunocompromised conditions who developed PCP.
We retrospectively analyzed patients who had been treated for PCP from three hospitals. We defined immunocompromised (IC) status as following: human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection; hematological malignancy; solid organ tumor under chemotherapy; rheumatic disease; medication with immunosuppressive agents. Patients without immunocompromised status were defined as being non-immunocompromised (non-IC).
The IC and non-IC groups comprised 173 and 14 patients. The median ages were 62.0 and 74.0 years in the IC and the non-IC group, respectively. The median interval between admission and anti-PCP treatment was significantly longer for patients in the non-IC group than that for patients in the IC group (7 vs. 2 days). The in-hospital mortality rates were significantly higher for patients in the non-IC group than that for patients in the IC group (71.4% vs. 43.9%; P = 0.047). A longer interval between admission and anti-PCP therapy was associated with increased 90-day mortality rate in patients with PCP (hazard ratio, 1.082; 95% confidence interval, 1.015-1.153; P = 0.016).
Patients with PCP with no predisposing illnesses were older and had higher mortality rates than IC patients with PCP. Delayed anti-PCP treatment was associated with increased 90-day mortality.
This study aimed to evaluate hypersensitivity reactions to anti-tuberculosis (TB) drugs.
We retrospectively compared the clinical manifestations and treatment outcomes of single and multiple drug ...hypersensitivity reactions (DHRs).
Twenty-eight patients were diagnosed with anti-TB DHRs using oral drug provocation tests. Of these 28 patients, 17 patients (60.7%) had DHRs to a single drug and 11 (39.3%) had multiple DHRs. The median age of patients was 57.5 years (interquartile range IQR, 39.2-73.2). Of the total patients, 18 patients (64.3%) were men. The median number of anti-TB drugs causing multiple DHRs was 2.0 (IQR 2.0-3.0). Rifampin was the most common drug that caused DHRs in both the single and multiple DHR groups (n = 8 47.1% and n = 9 52.9%, respectively). The treatment success rate was lower in the multiple DHR group than in the single DHR group; however, the difference was not statistically significant (81.8% vs. 94.1%; P = 0.543).
Multiple anti-TB DHRs were common in all patients who experienced DHRs, and rifampin was the most common causative drug. The treatment outcomes appeared to be poorer in patients with multiple DHRs than in those with single DHRs.
This study aimed to determine whether continuous deep neuromuscular blockade (NMB) improves the surgical conditions and facilitates robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RALRP) under ...low intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) to attenuate the increase in intraocular pressure (IOP) during CO2 pneumoperitoneum in the steep Trendelenburg (ST) position.
Sixty-seven patients undergoing RALRP were randomly assigned to a moderate NMB group (Group M), including patients who received atracurium infusion until the end of the ST position, maintaining a train of four count of 1-2; and the deep NMB group (Group D), including patients who received rocuronium infusion, maintaining a post-tetanic count of 1-2. IOP was measured in all patients at nine separate time points. All RALRPs were performed by one surgeon, who rated the overall and worst surgical conditions at the end of the ST position.
The highest IOP value was observed at T4 (60 min after the ST position) in both Group M (23.3 ± 2.7 mmHg) and Group D (19.8 ± 2.1 mmHg). RALRP was accomplished at an IAP of 8 mmHg in 88% Group D patients and 25% Group M patients. The overall surgical condition grade was 4.0 (3.0-5.0) in Group D and 3.0 (2.0-5.0) in Group M (P < 0.001).
The current study demonstrated that continuous deep NMB may improve surgical conditions and facilitate RALRP at a low IAP, resulting in significant attenuation of the increase on IOP. Moreover, low-pressure pneumoperitoneum, facilitated by deep NMB still provided acceptable surgical conditions.
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02109133.
This study aims to identify the optimal amount and appropriate state of physical activity for reducing incident depressive symptoms.
The data of 107,901 Korean adults who had undergone at least two ...annual health examinations from 2012 to 2015 were analyzed. At baseline, the amount of physical activity was measured using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form and metabolic equivalents (METs)-min/wk., which is the amount of oxygen consumed while sitting at rest per week. In addition, one-year changes in physical activity were categorized into four groups: persistent sedentary, maintenance, relapse, and adoption groups. For the study's endpoint, new-onset depressive symptoms (score of ≥21) were considered, defined by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Rating Scale for Depression. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to identify the optimal amount and appropriate state of physical activity for reducing incident depressive symptoms.
Compared with sedentary status (<600 METs-min/wk), achieving 1200–3000 METs-min/wk. was associated with a lower risk of incident depressive symptoms, illustrating a U-shaped relationship. The results show that the amount of physical activity for reducing the onset of depressive symptoms was higher for men (1800–3000 METs-min/wk.: HR, 0.84 95% CI, 0.74–0.95) than women (1200–1800 METs-min/wk.: HR, 0.84 95% CI, 0.71–0.99). In terms of one-year changes in physical activity, compared to the persistent sedentary group, the maintenance group was associated with a lower risk of the development of depressive symptoms in both sexes (men: HR, 0.81 95% CI, 0.71–0.93; women: HR, 0.84 95% CI, 0.75–0.94). Women in the adoption group showed a positive effect in terms of a decrease in incident depressive symptoms (HR, 0.87 95% CI, 0.76–0.99).
This study suggests an optimal amount of physical activity for reducing the onset of depressive symptoms. In addition, maintaining an appropriate level of physical activity for one year proved beneficial for decreasing incident depressive symptoms.
To explore the clinical significance of anti-cytosolic 5'-nucleoditase 1A (NT5c1A) antibody seropositivity in inflammatory myopathies, we measured anti-NT5c1A antibodies and analyzed their clinical ...features. Anti-NT5c1A antibodies were measured in the sera of 103 patients with inflammatory myopathies using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Positivity for anti-NT5c1A antibody was found in 13 (12.6%) of 103 patients with inflammatory myopathy. Anti-NT5c1A antibody was most frequently identified in patients with inclusion body myositis (IBM) (8/20, 40%), followed by dermatomyositis (2/13, 15.4%), immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy (2/28, 7.1%), and polymyositis (1/42, 2.4%). In eight patients with the anti-NT5c1A antibody-seropositive IBM, the median age at symptom onset was 54 years (interquartile range IQR: 48-57 years), and the median disease duration was 34 months (IQR: 24-50 months. Knee extension weakness was greater than or equal to hip flexion weakness in eight (100%) patients, and finger flexion strength was less than shoulder abduction in three (38%) patients. Dysphagia symptoms were found in three (38%) patients. The median serum CK level was 581 IU/l (IQR: 434-868 IU/L. Clinically significant differences were not found between anti-NT5c1A antibody-seropositive and seronegative IBM groups with respect to gender, age at symptom onset, age at diagnosis, disease duration, serum CK values, presence of other autoantibodies, dysphagia, and the pattern of muscle impairment. Although anti-NT5c1A antibody is known to be associated with IBM, seropositivity has also been noted in non-IBM inflammatory myopathies, and is insufficient to have clinical significance by itself. These findings have important implications for interpreting anti-NT5c1A antibody test results as the first study in Korea.
Pathological gambling (PG) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are conceptualized as a behavioral addiction, with a dependency on repetitive gambling behavior and rewarding effects following ...compulsive behavior, respectively. However, no neuroimaging studies to date have examined reward circuitry during the anticipation phase of reward in PG compared with in OCD while considering repetitive gambling and compulsion as addictive behaviors.
To elucidate the neural activities specific to the anticipation phase of reward, we performed event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in young adults with PG and compared them with those in patients with OCD and healthy controls. Fifteen male patients with PG, 13 patients with OCD, and 15 healthy controls, group-matched for age, gender, and IQ, participated in a monetary incentive delay task during fMRI scanning. Neural activation in the ventromedial caudate nucleus during anticipation of both gain and loss decreased in patients with PG compared with that in patients with OCD and healthy controls. Additionally, reduced activation in the anterior insula during anticipation of loss was observed in patients with PG compared with that in patients with OCD which was intermediate between that in OCD and healthy controls (healthy controls < PG < OCD), and a significant positive correlation between activity in the anterior insula and South Oaks Gambling Screen score was found in patients with PG.
Decreased neural activity in the ventromedial caudate nucleus during anticipation may be a specific neurobiological feature for the pathophysiology of PG, distinguishing it from OCD and healthy controls. Correlation of anterior insular activity during loss anticipation with PG symptoms suggests that patients with PG fit the features of OCD associated with harm avoidance as PG symptoms deteriorate. Our findings have identified functional disparities and similarities between patients with PG and OCD related to the neural responses associated with reward anticipation.
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