Most viruses exploit a variety of host cellular proteins as primary cellular attachment receptors in the context of successful execution of infection. Furthermore, many viral agents have evolved ...precise mechanisms to subvert host immune recognition to achieve persistence. Herein we present data indicating that adenovirus (Ad) serotype 3 utilizes CD80 (B7.1) and CD86 (B7.2) as cellular attachment receptors. CD80 and CD86 are co-stimulatory molecules that are present on mature dendritic cells and B lymphocytes and are involved in stimulating T-lymphocyte activation. To our knowledge, this is one of the first demonstrations of a virus utilizing immunologic accessory molecules as a primary means of cellular entry. This finding suggests a mechanism whereby viral exploitation of these proteins as receptors may achieve both goals of cellular entry and evading the immune system.
Fast outflows of gas, driven by the interaction between the radio jets and interstellar medium (ISM) of the host galaxy, are being observed in an increasing number of galaxies. One such example is ...the nearby radio galaxy 3C 293. In this paper we present integral field unit observations taken with OASIS on the William Herschel Telescope, enabling us to map the spatial extent of the ionized gas outflows across the central regions of the galaxy. The jet-driven outflow in 3C 293 is detected along the inner radio lobes with a mass outflow rate ranging from ~0.05 to 0.17 M... yr... (in ionized gas) and corresponding kinetic power of ~0.5-3.5 x 1040 erg s... Investigating the kinematics of the gas surrounding the radio jets (i.e. not directly associated with the outflow), we find linewidths broader than 300 km s... up to 5 kpc in the radial direction from the nucleus (corresponding to 3.5 kpc in the direction perpendicular to the radio axis at maximum extent). Along the axis of the radio jet linewidths >400 km s... are detected out to 7 kpc from the nucleus and linewidths of >500 km s... at a distance of 12 kpc from the nucleus, indicating that the disturbed kinematics clearly extend well beyond the high surface brightness radio structures of the jets. This is suggestive of the cocoon structure seen in simulations of jet-ISM interaction and implies that the radio jets are capable of disturbing the gas throughout the central regions of the host galaxy in all directions. (ProQuest: ... denotes formulae/symbols omitted.)
There is increasing urgency to implement climate change mitigation strategies that enhance greenhouse gas removal from the atmosphere and reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Recently, coastal ...“blue carbon” habitats—mangroves, salt marshes, and seagrass meadows—have received attention for their ability to capture CO2 and store organic carbon (OC), primarily in their sediments. Across habitat types and regions, however, information about the sequestration rates and sources of carbon to local sediments remains sparse. Here we compiled recently obtained estimates of sediment OC stocks and sequestration rates from 139 cores collected from temperate seagrass (Zostera marina) meadows in Alaska, British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon. Across all cores sediment OC content averaged 0.75%. Organic carbon stocks in the top 25 cm and 1 m of the sediment averaged 1,846 and 7,168 g OC m−2, respectively. Carbon sequestration rates ranged from 4.6 to 93.0 g OC m−2 yr−1 and averaged 24.8 g OC m−2 yr−1. Isotopic data from this region suggest that OC in the sediments is largely from noneelgrass sources. In general, these values are comparable to those from other temperate Z. marina meadows, but significantly lower than previously reported values for seagrasses globally. These results further highlight the need for local and species‐level quantification of blue carbon parameters. While temperate eelgrass meadows may not sequester and store as much carbon as seagrass meadows elsewhere, climate policy incentives should still be implemented to protect existing sediment carbon stocks and the other critical ecosystem services associated with eelgrass habitats.
Plain Language Summary
As we search for innovative solutions to capture and store atmospheric carbon, coastal wetlands are doing so for free and at rates greater than mature forests. The carbon market, by brokering carbon offset monies, can fund coastal wetland restoration projects where a net greenhouse gas reduction can be shown. Yet seagrass carbon sequestration capacity varies among species and even within meadows of the same species. Thus, obtaining site‐specific carbon storage values is essential for restoration planning. Here we report carbon stocks and sequestration rates compiled from 30 eelgrass meadows (Zostera marina) in Oregon, Washington, British Columbia, and Alaska, areas underrepresented in current literature. We then compare these findings to previously reported values for Z. marina and for seagrasses globally. While carbon stocks and sequestration rates varied at small spatial scales, we observed no latitudinal patterns. Our values were similar to those found in other Z. marina meadows, but significantly lower than global seagrass averages. Through isotopic analysis we found that the majority of the carbon originated from noneelgrass sources and very little from eelgrass itself. These results, the first to reveal eelgrass carbon sequestration capacities in the Northeastern Pacific, expose the importance of obtaining local values for carbon sequestration.
Key Points
Sediment carbon content varied both within and among Northeast Pacific eelgrass meadows, yet there was no clear latitudinal trend
Carbon in eelgrass meadow sediments appears to be derived largely from noneelgrass sources
Northeast Pacific carbon stocks and accumulation rates are comparable to other Z. marina meadows but lower than global seagrass values
Resistance to currently available antifungal drugs has quietly been on the rise but overshadowed by the alarming spread of antibacterial resistance. There is a striking lack of attention to the ...threat of drug‐resistant fungal infections, with only a handful of new drugs currently in development. Given that metal complexes have proven to be useful new chemotypes in the fight against diseases such as cancer, malaria, and bacterial infections, it is reasonable to explore their possible utility in treating fungal infections. Herein we report a series of cobalt(III) Schiff base complexes with broad‐spectrum antifungal activity. Some of these complexes show minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) in the low micro‐ to nanomolar range against a series of Candida and Cryptococcus yeasts. Additionally, we demonstrate that these compounds show no cytotoxicity against both bacterial and human cells. Finally, we report the first in vivo toxicity data on these compounds in Galleria mellonella, showing that doses as high as 266 mg kg−1 are tolerated without adverse effects, paving the way for further in vivo studies of these complexes.
Metals vs. fungi: Given that metal complexes have proven to be useful new chemotypes in the fight against diseases such as cancer, malaria, and bacterial infections, it is reasonable to explore their possible utility in treating fungal infections. Herein we report a series of cobalt(III) Schiff base complexes with broad‐spectrum antifungal activity against Candida and Cryptococcus yeasts, with MICs in the low micro‐ to nanomolar range.
The Swift X-ray telescope BURROWS, David N; HILL, J. E; CHINCARINI, G ...
Space science reviews,
10/2005, Letnik:
120, Številka:
3-4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
he Swift Gamma-Ray Explorer is designed to make prompt multiwavelength observations of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) and GRB afterglows. The X-ray telescope (XRT) enables Swift to determine GRB positions ...with a few arcseconds accuracy within 100 s of the burst onset. The XRT utilizes a mirror set built for JET-X and an XMM-Newton/EPIC MOS CCD detector to provide a sensitive broad-band (0.2-10 keV) X-ray imager with effective area of > 120 cm^sup 2^ at 1.5 keV, field of view of 23.6 × 23.6 arcminutes, and angular resolution of 18 arcseconds (HPD). The detection sensitivity is 2×10^sup -14^ erg cm^sup -2^ s^sup -1^ in 10^sup 4^ s. The instrument is designed to provide automated source detection and position reporting within 5 s of target acquisition. It can also measure the redshifts of GRBs with Fe line emission or other spectral features. The XRT operates in an auto-exposure mode, adjusting the CCD readout mode automatically to optimize the science return for each frame as the source intensity fades. The XRT will measure spectra and lightcurves of the GRB afterglow beginning about a minute after the burst and will follow each burst for days or weeks.PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
Specimen collection: An essential tool Rocha, L. A.; Aleixo, A.; Allen, G. ...
Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science),
05/2014, Letnik:
344, Številka:
6186
Journal Article
Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) offers utilities new ways to model and analyze distribution circuits. Results from two circuits introduce a new method to identify phasing of transformers and ...single-phase taps using voltage and kilowatt-hour measurements from AMI. In addition to phase identification, we show how to use the same approach to create or check meter-to-transformer mappings. These algorithms are based on linear regression and basic voltage drop relationships. With this approach, secondary connectivity and impedance models can be auto generated. In addition, detection of unmetered load appears possible. Also demonstrated is use of AMI to estimate primary-side voltage profiles.
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