Summary
Anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) is a cultural technique primarily targeted for control of soilborne plant pathogens, but can also impact weed propagules. A repeated pot study was ...conducted to evaluate ASD treatment impact on sprouting and growth of introduced Cyperus esculentus (yellow nutsedge) tubers using dry molasses‐based and wheat bran‐based amendment mixtures at four carbon‐to‐nitrogen (C:N) ratios (from 10:1 to 40:1) and compared with a non‐amended control. The mean percentage of sprouted tubers recovered after ASD treatment was lower for wheat bran‐based (42%) than dry molasses‐based (65%) amendments, and tuber production was 1.6‐fold higher in dry molasses‐based than wheat bran‐based treatments. The highest percentage of sprouted tubers (79%) and the highest mean production of large tubers (threefold higher than wheat bran‐based and 1.7‐fold higher than molasses‐based amendments) were observed for the non‐amended control. Tuber sprouting was significantly lower from all ASD treatments (regardless of amendment C:N ratio) compared with the non‐amended control at a 15 cm burial depth. New tuber production was lowest at C:N ratios of 10:1 and 20:1 and more than twofold higher in the non‐amended control. Wheat bran‐based amendments reduced above‐ground C. esculentus biomass compared with the non‐amended control and ASD treatments with molasses‐based amendments, and reduced below‐ground biomass compared with molasses‐based amendments. Above‐ground biomass was highest at amendment C:N ratio of 10:1, and below‐ground biomass was highest at amendment C:N ratio of 40:1 and the non‐amended control. ASD treatment with wheat bran‐based amendments at lower C:N ratios reduced tuber sprouting and reproduction compared with the non‐amended control, but not at rates high enough to use as a primary weed management tactic.
A scaled down flow reactor consisting of 4 mm ID quartz tubing and rapid mixing of fuel with a preheated thermal carrier bath was developed to investigate the pyrolysis of both gaseous and ...pre-vaporized liquid fuels. Starting from a small mixing volume (less than 0.2 cm3), the temperature of the hot section (37 cm long) was controlled within ± 5 K. All species concentrations were measured at the exit plane of the reactor using a GC system while residence time variations were explored by varying the bulk flow velocity. For the atmospheric pressure cases reported here, the temperature and flow residence times explored were in the kinetically controlled regime and ranged from 1000 to 1100 K and 10–90 ms, respectively. The thermal pyrolysis of fuels investigated included ethane, n-butane, and n-dodecane, all diluted in a nitrogen carrier bath of 98% or higher (to minimize temperature departure from the target value). Because the ratio of the mixing volume compared to the kinetically controlled reactor volume is about 2.5%, the associated finite mixing time is shown to have a negligible effect on the temporal evolution of key C0–C4 species. As a consequence, no species profiles shifting (zero-time shifting) was required in comparisons with model predictions. Experimental and modeling uncertainty analysis are presented to determine whether the experimental data can be used in future efforts aimed at minimization of chemical kinetic model parameter uncertainties.
Aims To determine the prevalence of diabetes, impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) in people aged ≥ 40 years in urban communities of Nepal, comparing the fasting and 2‐h ...plasma glucose (PG) criteria for diagnosis of diabetes and to relate the prevalence to age, gender and hypertension.
Methods Field surveys of fasting and 2‐h PG and blood pressure (BP) were done by cluster sampling in seven urban populations of Nepal. Of 1180 eligible individuals invited, 1012 (85.7%) aged ≥ 40 years participated.
Result The age and sex standardized prevalence of diabetes (known and newly diagnosed), IGT and impaired fasting glycaemia (IFG) were 19.0%, 10.6% and 9.9%, respectively. Of the total population, 30.5% (37.8% of men and 25.3% of women) had some abnormality of glucose tolerance. Of all diabetic individuals, 54.4% (53.8% of men and 55.1% of women) were undiagnosed. The prevalence of diabetes increased with age until the age of 75 years. The prevalence of diabetes was higher in men than in women (P < 0.001). The sensitivity of the fasting plasma glucose (FPG) criterion compared with either FPG or 2‐h PG or both criteria for the diagnosis of diabetes was 70.5%95% confidence interval (CI) 60.7, 78.8 and the corresponding sensitivity of 2‐h PG criterion was 79% (95% CI 69.8, 86.1). The age‐ and sex‐standardized prevalence of hypertension (BP ≥ 140/90 mmHg) was 22.7%. Hypertension was less common in subjects with normal plasma glucose than in those with diabetes (18.8% vs. 36.7%). Similarly, of all subjects with hypertension, 29.1% had diabetes (known or newly diagnosed) and 43.0% had glucose intolerance of some form.
Conclusions Our study shows that diabetes and hypertension are common and related problems in people aged ≥ 40 years in urban Nepal. The overall sensitivity of the 2‐h PG criteria was greater than that of the FPG criteria for diagnosing diabetes, except in subjects aged ≥ 60 years.
Visual axis opacification (VAO) occurs in up to 40% of pediatric patients after cataract surgery withintraocular lens implantation(IOL) even with a primary posterior capsulotomy (PPC). In both ...children and adult group, opacification does obscure the visual axis. However, in children after PPC, there is no capsule. Hence, the terminology VAO is used in children rather than posterior capsular opacification. This opacification is caused by a proliferation of epithelial cells on the posterior capsule or anterior vitreous face and can hinder the optical image quality needed for normal visual development. The rate of epithelial mitotic activity is higher in children compared to adult. It can be managed by Yag laser or surgical membranectomy, the latter is preferable. International and national published articles were systematically reviewed on aetio-pathogenesis, surgical techniques and equipment, type and material of IOL, and management of VAO in children operated for cataract. Author's experience was also included to write manuscript. VAO is frequent complication following cataract surgery in pediatric patients. Age of cataract patients, surgical technique and type and materials of IOL are most common influencing factor for VAO. Immediate management with advance equipment of VAO reduces the incidence for development of irreversible stimulation deprivation amblyopia.
The mountain watershed of Nepal is highly rugged, inaccessible and difficult for acquiring field data. The application of ETM sensor Data Sat satellite image of 30 meter pixel resolutions has been ...used for land use and land cover classification of Tamakoshi River Basin (TRB) of Nepal. The paper tries to examine the strength of image classification methods in derivation of land use and land classification. Supervised digital image classification techniques was used for examination the thematic classification. Field verification, Google earth image, aerial photographs, topographical sheet and GPS locations were used for land use and land cover type classification, selecting training samples and assessing accuracy of classification results. Six major land use and land cover types: forest land, water bodies, bush/grass land, barren land, snow land and agricultural land was extracted using the method. Moreover, there is spatial variation of statistics of classified land uses and land cover types depending upon the classification methods. The image data revealed that the major portion of the surface area is covered by unclassified bush and grass land covering 34.62 per cent followed by barren land (28 per cent). The knowledge derived from supervised classification was applied for the study. The result based on the field survey of the area during July 2014 also verifies the same result. So image classification is found more reliable in land use and land cover classification of mountain watershed of Nepal.
Craniofacial microsomia (CFM) includes a spectrum of malformations primarily involving structures derived from the first and second branchial arches. Patients with hemifacial microsomia and epibulbar ...dermoids are said to have Goldenhar syndrome (GHS). Four-month-old boy with whitish pupillary reflex presented with the features of GHS in pediatric ophthalmology clinic. The child had ocular and auricular manifestations. There were no vertebral anomalies, but he had bilateral congenital cataract. The peculiarity of this case is the presence of the bilateral total congenital cataract, in association with CFM. There is absence of epibulbar dermoid or lipodermoid in the eyes, although the child had features of GHS. In addition to it, anesthetic intubation was smooth in this case. Any case diagnosed with CFM and/or GHS needs treatment through multidisciplinary approach, consultation in ophthalmology department is one of them.
Pediatric cataract is totally different from adult cataract. The objective of this review article is to describe the peculiarities of pediatric cataract and the controversies and practices in ...pediatric cataract surgery. The differences in the surgical technique are discussed in the article. There are lots of controversies regarding IOL implantation in children. The result of the review is that the pediatric cataract surgery should be performed in between 6-8 weeks of age. There is no contra-indication for IOL implantation. Surgeons can implant either polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) or Acrysoft foldable IOL.
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