Parenthood necessarily increases the scope of unpaid work in households and tends to depress women's employment rates relative to men's. This paper examines the relationship between the use of ...full-time childcare for children under 3 years of age and employment rates for men and women with one, two, or three or more children under 6 years of age in European households. Panel data from a sample of the (then) twenty-eight European Union member states for the 2005-15 period were analyzed. The results indicate that smaller differences between employment rates of men and women with one, two, or three or more children under 6 years of age are associated with greater use of full-time childcare arrangements for children under the age of 3.
HIGHLIGHTS
Traditional gender roles impose a greater burden of unpaid work on women than men.
Parenthood widens the gap between women's and men's employment rates.
The use of childcare reduces gender inequality in the labor market.
Part-time work arrangements help women combine parenthood and employment.
Long leaves have a negative impact on women's employment.
Gender-responsive budgeting (GRB) is an important mechanism for ensuring greater alignment between economic goals and the social commitments of local and regional governments. The most important ...prerequisite for implementation is a strong political will, which should be present at all stages of the process. The implementation of a GRB should be supported by everyone involved in the government, regardless of area and level. It requires radical change, so it should be approached gradually but consistently. The process needs to be started with small steps, as in the case of the city of Zagreb.
Proračun ukazuje na to kako vlada planira alocirati javni novac te zadovoljiti ekonomske i društvene potrebe svojih građana. Uobičajeno, vlada i građani percipiraju proračun kao rodno neutralni ...instrument te ne analiziraju njegov različit utjecaj na muškarce i žene. No, činjenica da žene imaju manju ekonomsku, društvenu i političku moć nego muškarci te da se uloge, obveze i potrebe muškaraca i žena u društvu razlikuju, upućuje da način na koji država generira javne prihode i usmjerava javne rashode ima različit utjecaj na žene i muškarce. Zanemarivanje potencijalnog nejednakog učinka proračuna na muškarce i žene negativno utječe na produktivnost, kvalitetu radne snage, gospodarski rast i društveno blagostanje (UNESCO, 2010.). Stoga vlada pri donošenju proračuna treba uvažavati različite uloge i obveze muškaraca i žena u svom društvu te na temelju navedenih spoznaja alocirati javni novac i implementirati politike i programe koji doprinose rodnoj jednakosti. Proračun treba biti kreiran tako da osigurava minimalne životne uvjete i omogućuje jednako zadovoljenje javnih potreba svih građana pa tako i muškaraca i žena. Proračun kojim se pokušava umanjiti postojeća rodna nejednakost u teoriji se zove rodno osjetljivi proračun ili rodni proračun. Povjerenstvo za ravnopravnost spolova Grada Zagreba (dalje u tekstu: Povjerenstvo) prepoznalo je da je rodno osjetljivi proračun važan mehanizam za osiguravanje veće konzistentnosti između ekonomskih godine, objavljenih novosti i informacija na službenim internet stranicama Grada Zagreba i ustanova osnovanih od strane Grada Zagreba i slično. Ovakav vid analize predstavlja određena ograničenja, ali ispunjava glavni cilj osvješćivanja o ulozi proračuna u poboljšanju položaja žena u društvu. Ubuduće će ovakve analize provoditi osobe koje izravno sudjeluju u kreiranju određenih politika i mjera, odnosno osobe koje su na izvoru svih potrebnih podataka i informacija potrebnih za detaljniju i sveobuhvatnu analizu.
This paper emphasizes the economic importance of the civil society sector in the national socio-economic context. There is a systematic neglect of the economic and financial components of civil ...society organizations and non-profit sector in Croatia even though a significant volume of civil society organizations’ activities is funded from public sources and there is a high possibility of exploitation of their relatively privileged tax position. The purpose of this paper is to present research results of the funding sources, the financial potential and the elements of economic performance of citizens’ associations in the Republic of Croatia. The survey sample includes over 20,000 citizens’ associations which have submitted financial reports to the Registry of Non-profit Organizations in accordance with the statutory obligation. The research is based on aggregated data reported in the Balance Sheet and Performance Report for 2015 and 2016. The scientific contribution of the paper is reflected in the assessment of the financial performance and financial transparency of the activities of civil society organizations in the Republic of Croatia and their sustainability in comparison with Serbia and Slovenia.
Nowadays, women make more than 60% university graduates, but their status in the labour market does not fully reflect educational achievements, which leads to greater financial dependence of women on ...men and gender inequality in other areas. To determine the potential solutions to this situation the paper analyses correlation between public spending on childcare services, gender equality in terms of time spent in unpaid work and differences in employment rates of women with children under the age of 6 and women without children in EU. Results confirm significant positive correlation between specified variables and highlight the need to take into account different gender roles of men and women in the decision-making during the budgeting process in order to ensure equal opportunities to male and female labour force in the labour market as a precondition for greater gender equality.
This paper emphasizes the economic importance of the civil society sector in the national socio-economic context. There is a systematic neglect of the economic and financial components of civil ...society organizations and non-profit sector in Croatia even though a significant volume of civil society organizations' activities is funded from public sources and there is a high possibility of exploitation of their relatively privileged tax position. The purpose of this paper is to present research results of the funding sources, the financial potential and the elements of economic performance of citizens' associations in the Republic of Croatia. The survey sample includes over 20,000 citizens' associations which have submitted financial reports to the Registry of Non-profit Organizations in accordance with the statutory obligation. The research is based on aggregated data reported in the Balance Sheet and Performance Report for 2015 and 2016. The scientific contribution of the paper is reflected in the assessment of the financial performance and financial transparency of the activities of civil society organizations in the Republic of Croatia and their sustainability in comparison with Serbia and Slovenia.
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