Experiment I: T1‐1 = basal diet with 25% crude protein (CP) + limiting amino acids (LA); T1‐2 = 20% CP + LA; T1‐3 = 20% CP + LA + L‐glycine; T1‐4 = 20% CP + LA + L‐glutamate; T1‐5 = 20% ...CP + LA + L‐glycine + L‐glutamate. Experiment II: T2‐1 = basal diet with 22% CP + LA; T2‐2 = 20% CP + LA; T2‐3 = 17.6% CP + LA + L‐glycine; T2‐4 = 17.6% CP + LA + L‐glutamate; T2‐5 = 17.6% CP + LA + L‐glycine + L‐glutamate. The reduction of dietary protein based on the concept of ideal protein decreases nitrogen excretion in quails when L‐glycine is added to the diets. Quails fed diets supplemented with L‐glutamate as the non‐specific nitrogen source equivalent to the nitrogen level of the control diet had increased nitrogen excretion. However, quails had reduced nitrogen excretion in both experiments when L‐glycine was added to diets with L‐glutamate. Carcass fat was increased by reducing dietary protein, but fat deposition was reduced by adding L‐glutamate and L‐glycine, or both. The dietary addition of L‐glutamate and L‐glycine in quails based on the ideal protein concept is not necessary (Exp. I). Although the total nitrogen, electrolytic balance and glycine level were adjusted in diets, quails had decreased performance. Therefore, other hypotheses besides protein reduction need to be studied (Exp. II). Protein reduction with supplementation of only limiting essential amino acids does not affect quail performance. Dietary addition of L‐glycine reduces nitrogen excretion.
A new KP1339 analogue ruthenium complex, cis-Ru(Hind)2(bpy)2(PF6)2, showed expressive cytotoxicity against liver cancer cells, HepG2, causing DNA fragmentation, interrupting the cell cycle in phase S ...and resulting in cell death by apoptosis.
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•Metal complexes exhibited anticancer activity against different tumor cell lines.•Suitable induction and selective cytotoxicity to cancer cell lines.•DNA fragmentation is a biological effect of the metal complex in HepG2 cells.•Cell death promoted by the bis-indazolic metal complex caused by apoptosis in HepG2 cells.
Ru(II)-based complexes have been widely investigated as potential anticancer agents, leading cell death of tumor mass. In this work, a metal complex, cis-RuII(Hind)2(bpy)2(PF6)2 (Hind = indazole and bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine), was synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, spectroscopy and electrochemistry methods, validating its formulation. This complex can act as a Brønsted-Lowry acid with pKa close to physiological pH. Photosubstitution reaction was noticed upon blue light irradiation with release of indazol molecules in acetonitrile, a behavior also noticed, indicating its photosensitivity. This metal complex was screened in vitro against distinct human cancer cell lines. Hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2) were the most sensitive, with the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) at 7.2 µmol L−1. Further biological studies showed DNA fragmentation induced by this compound, which resulted in cell cycle arrest in S phase and HepG2 cell death by apoptosis. Moreover, there was no significant cytotoxicity against healthy human pulmonary fibroblast cells (MRC-5), and therefore the compound exhibited a high selectivity index, indeed a better in vitro anticancer profile than some structurally related compounds (e.g. NAMI-A and KP1039). Our results indicate exciting potential pharmacological applications of this metal complex in liver cancer treatment, which might be supported by further studies.
•Adolescents from Europe and Central Asia and North America had a higher probability of presenting a high prevalence of ≥60 MVPA ≥1 days per week compared to adolescents from other ...regions.•Increasing the prevalence of ≥60 MVPA ≥1 days per week should be a priority in promoting physical activity among girls.•Especially in low- and middle-income countries, the monitoring of ≥60 min per day of MVPA ≥1 days per week might be included as part of physical activity surveillance systems.
Guidelines recommend that adolescents should accumulate an average of 60 min per day of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). However, using only this cut-off could hide important information. For instance, from a population-level point of view, increasing physical activity for those with no or low physical activity could provide more health benefits than increasing physical activity for those with intermediate levels. Also, including a more sensitive cut-point of ≥1 days per week could be an additional strategy for identifying those with low access/opportunities for physical activity practice. Thus, the current study aims to estimate the prevalence of ≥60 min of MVPA ≥1 days per week among adolescents globally, and to describe any relevant gender inequalities.
We used representative datasets from 146 countries/territories collected between 2003 and 2019. MVPA was self-reported. Participants were grouped into younger (≤14 years old) and older (>14 years old) adolescents. Crude Poisson regression models were used to identify the relative differences in ≥60 min of MVPA ≥1 days per week between boys and girls, and random-effects meta-analysis models were used to identify the pooled estimates. Analyses were stratified by country and region.
Approximately 80% of both younger and older adolescents reported ≥60 min of MVPA ≥1 days per week. This prevalence was ≥94% in Europe and Central Asia and North America, while the estimates for the other regions were <77%. The prevalence of ≥60 min of MVPA ≥1 days per week was higher among boys than girls, with the largest differences occurring among the oldest adolescents (Prevalence ratio≤14y = 1.04 (95% confidence interval (95%CI)): 1.03‒1.04) vs. Prevalence ratio>14y = 1.09 (95%CI: 1.08‒1.10)).
Approximately 8 out of 10 adolescents reported accumulating ≥60 min of MVPA ≥1 days per week, with notable differences between regions. Gender differences were observed in several countries, especially among the oldest adolescents. Priorities for physical activity promotion among adolescents should include increasing access/opportunities for physical activity among those who do not achieve ≥60 min of MVPA ≥1 days per week and reducing gender inequalities.
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Maternal physical activity attenuates cardiorespiratory dysfunctions and transcriptional alterations presented by the carotid body (CB) of rats. Rats performed physical activity and were classified ...as inactive/active. During gestation and lactation, mothers received either normoprotein (NP-17% protein) or low-protein diet (LP-8% protein). In offspring, biochemical serum levels, respiratory parameters, cardiovascular parameters and the mRNA expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and purinergic receptors were evaluate. LP-inactive pups presented lower RF from 1
to 14
days old, and higher RF at 30 days than did NP-inactive and NP-active pups. LP-inactive pups presented with reduced serum protein, albumin, cholesterol and triglycerides levels and an increased fasting glucose level compared to those of NP-inactive and NP-active groups. LP and LP-inactive animals showed an increase in the cardiac variability at the Low-Frequency bands, suggesting a major influence of sympathetic nervous activity. In mRNA analyses, LP-inactive animals showed increased HIF-1α expression and similar expression of TH and purinergic receptors in the CB compared to those of NP groups. All these changes observed in LP-inactive pups were reversed in the pups of active mothers (LP-active). Maternal physical activity is able to attenuate the metabolic, cardiorespiratory and HIF-1α transcription changes induced by protein malnutrition.
Nitrosyl ruthenium complexes have emerged as promising platforms for the controlled delivery of nitric oxide (NO) and nitroxyl (HNO), both of which possess significant therapeutic implications. ...Considering this scenario, we synthesized and characterized the metal complex cis‐RuNO(phen)2(2MIM)3+ and its precursors, where phen and 2MIM correspond to 1,10‐phenantroline and 2‐methylimidazole, respectively. Comprehensive structural elucidation was undertaken using a combination of spectroscopic and electrochemical methodologies, including XANES/EXAFS experiments. This structural data was further validated through DFT computational analyses. We demonstrated that such compound can release NO and HNO in the presence of thiol‐based substrates. Not only this, but the same metal complex can also delivery nitric oxide under irradiation with visible light (λ=460 nm). The nitrosyl complex and its derivatives displayed marked vasodilatory capabilities as evidenced in assays involving isolated rat aorta rings. They also exhibited commendable antioxidant activity in free radical scavenging assays. Collectively, based on these data, this nitrosyl ruthenium compound is a potential therapeutic candidate, especially in the field of cardiovascular pathology like atherosclerosis, thereby deserving further in‐depth investigations.
Nitrosyl Ruthenium compounds are promising platforms for nitric oxide (NO) delivery. A novel nitrosyl ruthenium complex containing the ligand 2‐methylimidazole was synthetized and characterized through spectroscopic techniques, including X‐ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS). That compound showed promising NO releasing capabilities and promoted vasodilation together with free radical scavenging. Such properties are desirable for the treatments of cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis.
To evaluate the cardiorespiratory, sedative and antinociceptive effects of dexmedetomidine alone or in combination with methadone, morphine or tramadol in dogs.
Experimental, blinded, randomized, ...crossover study.
Six mixed breed dogs (two males and four females) weighing 10 ± 4 kg.
The animals were randomly divided into four treatments: D (10 μg kg−1 of dexmedetomidine), DM (dexmedetomidine 10 μg kg−1 and methadone 0.5 mg kg−1); DMO (dexmedetomidine 10 μg kg−1 and morphine 0.5 mg kg−1), and DT (dexmedetomidine 10 μg kg−1 and tramadol 2 mg kg−1). The combinations were administered intramuscularly in all treatments. The variables evaluated were heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (fR), rectal temperature (RT), systolic arterial pressure (SAP), sedation scale and pedal withdrawal reflex. These variables were measured at T0 (immediately before the administration of the protocol) and every 15 minutes thereafter until T105.
A decrease in HR and fR occurred in all the treatments compared with T0, but no significant difference was observed between the treatments. The RT decreased from T45 onward in all the treatments. The SAP did not show a difference between the treatments, but in the DT treatment, the SAP was lower at T30 and T45 compared with T0. The D treatment had lower scores of sedation at T15 to T75 compared with the other treatments, and the DMO and DM treatments showed higher scores at T60 and T75 compared with DT.
The treatments with morphine and methadone added to the dexmedetomidine showed higher sedation scores than the control treatment and the treatment with tramadol added to the dexmedetomidine showed no relevant differences in any of the variables evaluated in the study.
Pt(II) and Pd(II) coordinating N-donor ligands have been extensively studied as anticancer agents after the success of cisplatin. In this work, a novel bidentate N-donor ligand, the ...N-4-(phenylmethoxy)phenylmethyl-2-pyridinemethanamine, was designed to explore the antiparasitic, antiviral and antitumor activity of its Pt(II) and Pd(II) complexes. Chemical and spectroscopic characterization confirm the formation of MLCl
complexes, where M=Pt(II) and Pd(II). Single crystal X-ray diffraction confirmed a square-planar geometry for the Pd(II) complex. Spectroscopic characterization of the Pt(II) complex suggests a similar structure.
H NMR,
Pt NMR and HR-ESI-MS(+) analysis of DMSO solution of complexes indicated that both compounds exchange the chloride trans to the pyridine for a solvent molecule with different reaction rates. The ligand and the two complexes were tested for in vitro antitumoral, antileishmanial, and antiviral activity. The Pt(II) complex resulted in a GI
of 10.5 μM against the NCI/ADR-RES (multidrug-resistant ovarian carcinoma) cell line. The ligand and the Pd(II) complex showed good anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity with around 65 % reduction in viral replication at a concentration of 50 μM.
IntroductionRunning is one of the most popular recreational activities worldwide, due to its low cost and accessibility. However, little is known about the impact of running on knee joint health in ...runners with and without a history of knee surgery. The primary aim of this longitudinal cohort study is to compare knee joint structural features on MRI and knee symptoms at baseline and 4-year follow-up in runners with and without a history of knee surgery. Secondary aims are to explore the relationships between training load exposures (volume and/or intensity) and changes in knee joint structure and symptoms over 4 years; explore the relationship between baseline running biomechanics, and changes in knee joint structure and symptoms over 4 years. In addition, we will explore whether additional variables confound, modify or mediate these associations, including sex, baseline lower-limb functional performance, knee muscle strength, psychological and sociodemographic factors.Methods and analysisA convenience sample of at least 200 runners (sex/gender balanced) with (n=100) and without (n=100) a history of knee surgery will be recruited. Primary outcomes will be knee joint health (MRI) and knee symptoms (baseline; 4 years). Exposure variables for secondary outcomes include training load exposure, obtained daily throughout the study from wearable devices and three-dimensional running biomechanics (baseline). Additional variables include lower limb functional performance, knee extensor and flexor muscle strength, biomarkers, psychological and sociodemographic factors (baseline). Knowledge and beliefs about osteoarthritis will be obtained through predefined questions and semi-structured interviews with a subset of participants. Multivariable logistic and linear regression models, adjusting for potential confounding factors, will explore changes in knee joint structural features and symptoms, and the influence of potential modifiers and mediators.Ethics and disseminationApproved by the La Trobe University Ethics Committee (HEC-19524). Findings will be disseminated to stakeholders, peer-review journals and conferences.
The classification of the legume family proposed here addresses the long-known non-monophyly of the traditionally recognised subfamily Caesalpinioideae, by recognising six robustly supported ...monophyletic subfamilies. This new classification uses as its framework the most comprehensive phylogenetic analyses of legumes to date, based on plastid matK gene sequences, and including near-complete sampling of genera (698 of the currently recognised 765 genera) and ca. 20% (3696) of known species. The matK gene region has been the most widely sequenced across the legumes, and in most legume lineages, this gene region is sufficiently variable to yield well-supported clades. This analysis resolves the same major clades as in other phylogenies of whole plastid and nuclear gene sets (with much sparser taxon sampling). Our analysis improves upon previous studies that have used large phylogenies of the Leguminosae for addressing evolutionary questions, because it maximises generic sampling and provides a phylogenetic tree that is based on a fully curated set of sequences that are vouchered and taxonomically validated. The phylogenetic trees obtained and the underlying data are available to browse and download, facilitating subsequent analyses that require evolutionary trees. Here we propose a new community-endorsed classification of the family that reflects the phylogenetic structure that is consistently resolved and recognises six subfamilies in Leguminosae: a recircumscribed Caesalpinioideae DC., Cercidoideae Legume Phylogeny Working Group (stat. nov.), Detarioideae Burmeist., Dialioideae Legume Phylogeny Working Group (stat. nov.), Duparquetioideae Legume Phylogeny Working Group (stat. nov.), and Papilionoideae DC. The traditionally recognised subfamily Mimosoideae is a distinct clade nested within the recircumscribed Caesalpinioideae and is referred to informally as the mimosoid clade pending a forthcoming formal tribal and/or clade-based classification of the new Caesalpinioideae. We provide a key for subfamily identification, descriptions with diagnostic charactertistics for the subfamilies, figures illustrating their floral and fruit diversity, and lists of genera by subfamily. This new classification of Leguminosae represents a consensus view of the international legume systematics community; it invokes both compromise and practicality of use.
•Swimming training significantly prevented stress-induced corticosterone increase in rats.•Serum glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride were unchanged by chronic stress or exercise.•Chronic stress ...protocol induced glucose intolerance in the rats.•The training preserved the normal glycemic response after glucose loading in stressed rats.
Despite strong evidences supporting the protective role of exercise against stress-induced repercussions, the literature remains inconclusive regarding metabolic aspects. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of Physical Training (PT) by swimming on the metabolic parameters of rats subjected to restraint stress.
Wistar rats (n = 40) were divided into four groups: Control (C), Trained (T), Stressed (S), and Trained/Stressed (TS). The restraint stress protocol involved confining the animals in PVC pipes for 60 minutes/day for 12 weeks. Concurrently, the swimming PT protocol was performed without additional load in entailed sessions of 60 minutes conducted five days a week for the same duration. The following parameters were analyzed: fitness progression assessed by the physical capacity test, body mass, serum level of glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol and corticosterone, as well as glycemic tolerance test, evaluated after glucose administration (2 g/kg, i.p.).
Trained groups (T and TS) exhibited enhanced physical capacity (169 ± 21 and 162 ± 22% increase, respectively) compared to untrained groups (C: 9 ± 5 and S: 11 ± 13% increase). Corticosterone levels were significantly higher in the S group (335 ± 9 nmoL/L) compared to C (141 ± 3 nmoL/L), T (174 ± 3 nmoL/L) and TS (231 ± 7 nmoL/L), which did not differ from each other. There were no significant changes in serum glucose, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels among the groups. However, the glycemic curve after glucose loading revealed increased glycemia in the S group (area under curve 913 ± 30 AU) but the TS group exhibited values (673 ± 12 AU) similar to the groups C (644 ± 10 AU) and T (649 ± 9 AU).
Swimming-based training attenuated stress-induced corticosterone release and prevented glucose intolerance in rats, reinforcing the importance of exercise as a potential strategy to mitigate the pathophysiological effects of stress.
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