We report the early growth and neurologic findings of 48 infants in Brazil diagnosed with probable congenital Zika virus syndrome and followed to age 1-8 months. Most of these infants had ...microcephaly (86.7%) and craniofacial disproportion (95.8%). The clinical pattern included poor head growth with increasingly negative z-scores, pyramidal/extrapyramidal symptoms, and epilepsy.
Neste estudo, foram estimados percentuais de incompletude vacinal e fatores associados ao esquema vacinal para novas vacinas (EVNV) e esquema vacinal para antigas vacinas (EVAV) em crianças de 13 a ...35 meses de idade de uma coorte de nascimento em São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil. A amostra foi probabilística, com 3.076 crianças nascidas em 2010. Informações sobre vacinação foram obtidas da Caderneta de Saúde da Criança. As vacinas consideradas para o EVNV foram meningocócica C e pneumocócica 10 valente, e para EVAV, vacinas BCG, hepatite B, rotavírus humano, poliomielite, tetravalente (vacina difteria, tétano, coqueluche e Haemophilus influenzae b), febre amarela, tríplice viral (vacina sarampo, caxumba, rubéola). Empregou-se modelagem hierarquizada e regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. Estimaram-se razões de prevalência (RP) e intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC95%). Incompletude vacinal foi maior para EVNV (51,1%) em relação ao EVAV (33,2%). Crianças com 25 a 35 meses de idade (RP = 1,27; IC95%: 1,14-1,41) e pertencer às classes D/E (RP = 1,20; IC95%: 1,06-1,35) se associaram somente ao EVNV; enquanto baixa escolaridade materna (RP = 1,58; IC95%: 1,21-2,06), indisponibilidade de atendimento ambulatorial e/ou hospitalar para a criança (RP = 1,20; IC95%: 1,04-1,38) e de vacina nos serviços de saúde (RP = 1,28; IC95%: 1,12-1,46), apenas ao EVAV. Faz-se importante considerar, nas estratégias de vacinação, a vulnerabilidade de crianças com mais idade e pertencentes às classes D e E, especialmente quando novas vacinas são introduzidas, e ainda de filhos de mães que possuem baixa escolaridade. Assim como, quando há menor disponibilidade de serviços de saúde para a criança e de vacina.
This study estimated the percentages of incomplete immunization with new vaccines and old vaccines and associated factors in children 13 to 35 months of age belonging to a birth cohort in São Luís, the capital of Maranhão State, Brazil. The sample was probabilistic, with 3,076 children born in 2010. Information on vaccination was obtained from the Child’s Health Card. The new vaccines, namely those introduced in 2010, were meningococcal C and 10-valent pneumococcal, and the old vaccines, or those already on the childhood immunization schedule, were BCG, hepatitis B, human rotavirus, polio, tetravalent (diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae b), yellow fever, and triple viral (measles, mumps, rubella). The study used hierarchical modeling and Poisson regression with robust variance. Prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated. Incomplete immunization was higher with new vaccines (51.1%) than with old vaccines (33.2%). Children 25 to 35 months of age (PR = 1.27; 95%CI: 1.14-1.41) and those in economic classes D/E (PR = 1.20; 95%CI: 1.06-1.35) were only significantly associated with new vaccines; low maternal schooling (PR = 1.58; 95%CI: 1.21-2.06), unavailability of outpatient and/or hospital care for the child (PR = 1.20; 95%CI: 1.04-1.38), and unavailability of the vaccine in health services (PR: 1.28; 95%CI: 1.12-1.46) were only associated with old vaccines. Immunization strategies should consider the vulnerability of older preschool-age children and those belonging to classes D and E, especially when new vaccines are introduced, as well as children of mothers with low schooling. Strategies should also address problems with the availability of health services and vaccines.
En este estudio se estimaron porcentajes de vacunación no completada y los factores asociados al esquema de vacunas para nuevas vacunas (EVNV) y al de antiguas vacunas (EVAV), en niños de 13 a 35 meses de edad de una cohorte de nacimiento en São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil. La muestra fue probabilística, con 3.076 niños nacidos en 2010. La información sobre la vacunación se obtuvo de la cartilla de salud del niño. Las vacunas consideradas para el EVNV fueron la meningocócica C y neumocócica 10 valente, y para EVAV, vacunas BCG, hepatitis B, rotavirus humano, poliomielitis, tetravalente (vacuna difteria, tétanos, tosferina y Haemophilus influenzae b), fiebre amarilla, triple viral (vacuna contra el sarampión, paperas, rubeola). Se empleó un modelo jerarquizado y la regresión de Poisson con variancia robusta. Se estimaron razones de prevalencia (RP) e intervalos de 95% de confianza (IC95%). La vacunación no completada fue mayor para EVNV (51,1%), en relación con el EVAV (33,2%). Ser niños de 25 a 35 meses de edad (RP = 1,27; IC95%: 1,14-1,41) y pertenecer a las clases D/E (RP = 1,20; IC95%: 1,06-1,35) se asociaron solamente al EVNV; mientras que la baja escolaridad materna (RP = 1,58; IC95%: 1,21-2,06), indisponibilidad de atención ambulatoria y/o hospitalaria para el niño (RP = 1,20; IC95%: 1,04-1,38) y de la vacuna en los servicios de salud (RP = 1,28; IC95%: 1,12-1,46), solamente al EVAV. Es importante considerar, en las estrategias de vacunación, la vulnerabilidad de los niños con más edad y pertenecientes a las clases D y E, especialmente cuando se introducen las nuevas vacunas, incluyendo también a los hijos de madres con baja escolaridad. También es problemática la existencia de una menor disponibilidad de servicios de salud para el niño y de la vacuna.
Estudo transversal aninhado a uma coorte, que teve como objetivo descrever foco e cobertura do programa Bolsa Família em crianças de 13-35 meses de idade. Fez-se uso de dados das coortes de ...nascimento BRISA, em Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, e São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil. O início das coortes ocorreu em 2010, com a inclusão de todos os nascimentos em Ribeirão Preto (7.794) e 5.236 em São Luís, abrangendo amostra aleatória de um terço. No seguimento, realizado de 2011 a 2013, retornaram 3.805 crianças em Ribeirão Preto e 3.308 em São Luís. Foram utilizados dados do momento do seguimento, e estes foram integrados às informações do Cadastro Único (CadÚnico). Consideraram-se dois critérios de elegibilidade para o benefício do Bolsa Família: renda familiar per capita mensal de até R$ 140,00 e classe econômica D/E. Estimaram-se percentuais de foco e cobertura do Bolsa Família. Realizou-se ponderação para perdas de seguimento. O foco do Bolsa Família, segundo renda familiar per capita mensal, foi de 33,8% em São Luís e 15,9% em Ribeirão Preto, e de acordo com a classe econômica foi de 33,7% em São Luís e 15,3% em Ribeirão Preto. A cobertura do Bolsa Família, de acordo com o critério de renda familiar per capita mensal, foi de 82,1% em São Luís e 71,6% em Ribeirão Preto; e segundo classe econômica foi de 68,9% em São Luís e 46,8% em Ribeirão Preto. Foram baixos os percentuais de foco e melhores os de cobertura do Bolsa Família, com estimativas destes indicadores maiores para São Luís em relação a Ribeirão Preto.
The aim of this cross-sectional study nested in a cohort was to describe the targeting and coverage of the Family Income program in children 13 to 35 months of age. Data were obtained from the BRISA Birth Cohorts in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo State, and São Luís, Maranhão State, Brazil. The cohorts started in 2010 with the inclusion of all the births in Ribeirão Preto (7,794) and 5,236 in São Luís, covering a random sample of one third. In the follow-up waves in 2011 and 2013, 3,805 children returned in Ribeirão Preto and 3,308 in São Luís. The data were used from the time of follow-up and were integrated with the information from the Single Registry (CadÚnico). Two eligibility criteria were considered for receiving the Family Income benefit: monthly per capita family income of BRL 140.00 or less (approximately USD 38.00) and economic classes D/E. The percentages of targeting and covering were estimated for Family Income. Weighting was performed for losses to follow-up. According to family income, the program’s targeting was 33.8% in São Luís and 15.9% in Ribeirão Preto; according to economic class, it was 33.7% in São Luís and 15.3% in Ribeirão Preto. According to per capita family income, coverage was 82.1% in São Luís and 71.6% in Ribeirão Preto; and according to economic class it was 68.9% in São Luís and 46.8% in Ribeirão Preto. The program’s targeting rates were low, while the coverage rates were better. Both indicators were higher in São Luís than in Ribeirão Preto.
Se trata de un estudio transversal anidado en una cohorte, cuyo objetivo fue describir la atención y cobertura del programa Bolsa Familia (PBF), en niños de 13 a 35 meses de edad. Se usaron datos de las cohortes de nacimiento BRISA, en Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, y São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil. El inicio de las cohortes fue 2010, con la inclusión de todos los nacimientos en Ribeirão Preto (7.794) y 5.236 en São Luís, abarcando un tercio de la muestra aleatoria. En el seguimiento, realizado de 2011 a 2013, regresaron 3.805 niños en Ribeirão Preto y 3.308 en São Luís. Se utilizaron los datos recogidos cuando se realizó el seguimiento y, posteriormente, se integraron en la información que proporciona el Registro Único (CadÚnico). Se consideraron dos criterios de elegibilidad para ser beneficiario del Bolsa Familia renta familiar per cápita mensual de hasta BRL 140,00 y clase económica D/E. Se estimaron porcentajes de atención y cobertura del Bolsa Familia. Se realizó una ponderación respecto a las pérdidas en el seguimiento. La atención del Bolsa Familia, según renta familiar per cápita mensual, alcanzó a un 33,8% en São Luís y un 15,9% en Ribeirão Preto; y según la clase económica, fue de un 33,7% en São Luís y un 15,3% en Ribeirão Preto. La cobertura del Bolsa Familia, de acuerdo con el criterio de renta familiar per cápita mensual, fue de un 82,1% en São Luís y un 71,6% en Ribeirão Preto; y según la clase económica fue de un 68,9% en São Luís y un 46,8% en Ribeirão Preto. Fueron bajos los porcentajes de atención y mejores los porcentajes de cobertura del Bolsa Familia, con estimaciones mayores de esos indicadores en São Luís, en comparación con los de Ribeirão Preto.
We analyzed the spatial relation between incomplete vaccine coverage for children and the distance from vaccination services. This was a cross-sectional study of children from 13 to 35 months of age ...from the cities of São Luís (Maranhão State) and Ribeirão Preto (São Paulo State), Brazil, and from basic health units (UBS, in Portuguese). The sample consisted of 2,744 children from São Luís and 3,325 from Ribeirão Preto. Data about incomplete vaccine coverage for children were obtained from the BRISA birth cohorts. Data about the quality of UBS vaccination services were obtained from the first cycle of the Brazilian National Program for Improvement of Access and Quality of Basic Care (PMAQ-AB, in Portuguese). For the spatial analysis, we determined the distance between the residence of the children (with and without a complete vaccine calendar) and the vaccination services of the UBS (classified according to number of structural items). Incomplete vaccine coverage was more pronounced in São Luís, with greater percentages for human rotavirus and triple viral vaccines, with the latter being the least available. In Ribeirão Preto, incomplete BCG vaccine coverage was more pronounced, with the tetravalent vaccine being the least available. Children from the two cities showed similarities: most of them had adult mothers with 9 to 11 years of schooling and did not reside with siblings in the household. They also showed differences: in São Luís, most mothers belonged to the economic class C, while in Ribeirão Preto they belong to the A and B classes. In the two cities with different socioeconomic conditions, complete vaccine coverage seemed not to depend on the location or quality of the vaccination service. Although São Luís showed a better structure of the services, incomplete vaccine coverage was higher compared to Ribeirão Preto.
Analizamos la relación espacial entre los niños con una cobertura de vacunación incompleta y la distancia que los separa de los servicios de vacunación. Se trata de un estudio transversal con niños desde los 13 a los 35 meses de edad en las ciudades de São Luís (Maranhão) y Ribeirão Preto (São Paulo), Brasil, y en unidades básicas de salud (UBS por sus siglas en portugués). La muestra consistió en 2.744 niños de São Luís y 3.325 de Ribeirão Preto. Los datos sobre la cobertura de vacunación incompleta de los niños proceden de las cohortes de nacimiento BRISA. Los datos sobre la calidad de los servicios de vacunación en los servicios UBS se obtuvieron del 1er ciclo del Programa Nacional de Mejoría de Acceso y Calidad de la Atención Básica (PMAQ-AB). Para el análisis espacial, determinamos la distancia entre la residencia de los niños (con y sin un calendario de vacunas completo) y los servicios de vacunación de las UBS (clasificados según el número de ítems estructurales). Se destacó una cobertura incompleta de vacunación en São Luís, con porcentajes de vacunas contra rotavirus humano y triple vírica, siendo esta última la menos disponible. En Ribeirão Preto, la cobertura incompleta de la vacuna BCG fue la más destacable y la vacuna tetravalente fue la menos disponible. Los niños de las dos ciudades mostraron similitudes: la mayoría de ellos tenían madres adultas con una escolaridad que oscilaba entre los 9 y los 11 años de edad y no residían con hermanos en el hogar. Asimismo, mostraron también diferencias: en São Luís, la mayoría de las madres pertenecían a la clase económica C, mientras que en Ribeirão Preto pertenecían las clases A y B. En las dos ciudades con condiciones diferentes socioeconómicas, la cobertura completa de vacunación parecía no depender de la localización o la calidad del servicio de vacunación. Sin embargo, São Luís mostró una mejor estructura de los servicios, aunque la cobertura incompleta de vacunación fue más alta comparada con Ribeirão Preto.
Analisamos a relação espacial entre cobertura vacinal incompleta em crianças e a distância da residência até os serviços de vacinação. Este foi um estudo transversal de crianças entre 13 e 35 meses de idade nas cidades de São Luís (Maranhão) e Ribeirão Preto (São Paulo), Brasil, e das unidades básicas de saúde (UBS). A amostra consistia em 2.744 crianças de São Luís e 3.325 de Ribeirão Preto. Os dados sobre a cobertura vacinal incompleta foram obtidos das coortes de nascimento BRISA. Os dados sobre a qualidade dos serviços de vacinação das UBS foram obtidos do primeiro ciclo do Programa de Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade da Atenção Básica (PMAQ-AB). Para a análise espacial, determinamos a distância da residência das crianças (com e sem calendário vacinal completo) até os serviços de vacinação da UBS (classificados de acordo com o número de itens estruturais). A cobertura vacinal incompleta era mais marcante em São Luís, com percentuais mais altos para as vacinas do rotavírus humano e tríplice viral, sendo que esta era menos disponível. Em Ribeirão Preto, a cobertura vacinal incompleta para BCG era mais evidente, enquanto a vacina tetravalente era a menos disponível. As crianças das duas cidades mostraram semelhanças: a maioria tinha mães adultas com 9 a 11 anos de escolaridade e não residia com irmãos no domicílio. Também mostravam diferenças: em São Luís, a maioria das mães pertencia à classe econômica C, enquanto as mães em Ribeirão Preto pertenciam mais às classes A e B. Nas duas cidades, com condições socioeconômicas diferentes, a cobertura vacinal completa parecia não depender da localização ou da qualidade do serviço de vacinação. Embora São Luís tenha demonstrado melhor estrutura dos serviços, a cobertura vacinal incompleta foi mais alta em São Luís quando comparada à de Ribeirão Preto.
To estimate the effect of being a beneficiary of the Bolsa Família Program (BFP) in the vaccination of children aged 13 to 35 months.
Our study was based on all birth records of residents of Ribeirão ...Preto (SP) and probabilistic sampling with 1/3 of the births of residents of São Luís (MA), selecting low-income children, born in 2010, belonging to the cohorts Brazilian Ribeirão Preto and São Luís Birth Cohort Studies and eligible for the Bolsa Família program. The information of Cadastro Único (CadÚnico - Single Registry) was used to categorize the receipt of benefit from the BFP (yes or no). The final sample consisted of 532 children in Ribeirão Preto and 1,229 in São Luís. The outcome variable was a childhood vaccine regimen, constructed with BCG, tetravalent, triple viral, hepatitis B, poliomyelitis, rotavirus and yellow fever vaccines. The adjustment variables were: economic class, mother's schooling and mother's skin color. Children with monthly per capita family income of up to R$ 280.00 and/or economic class D/E were considered eligible for the benefit of the BFP. A theoretical model was constructed using a directed acyclic graph to estimate the effect of being a beneficiary of the BFP in the vaccination of low-income children. In the statistical analyses, weighing was used by the inverse of the probability of exposure and pairing by propensity score.
Considering a monthly per capita family income of up to R$ 280.00, being a beneficiary of the BFP had no effect on the childhood vaccination schedule, according to weighing by the inverse of the probability of exposure (SL-coefficient: -0.01; 95%CI -0.07 to 0.04; p = 0.725 and RP-coefficient: 0.04; 95%CI -0.02 to 0.10; p = 0.244) and pairing by propensity score (SL-coefficient: -0.01; 95%CI -0.07 to 0.05; p = 0.744 and RP-coefficient: 0.04; 95%CI -0.02 to 0.10; p = 0.231).
The receipt of the benefit of the BFP did not influence childhood vaccination, which is one of the conditionalities of the program. This may indicate that this conditionality is not being adequately monitored.
RESUMO: Introdução: O acesso à mamografia, principal exame de detecção precoce do câncer de mama, não é igualitário entre as mulheres brasileiras. Objetivou-se analisar os fatores associados à não ...realização desse exame num período inferior a dois anos no Brasil e por macrorregião, considerando-se características sociodemográficas, condições de saúde, hábitos de vida e uso dos serviços de saúde. Método: Estudo transversal que utilizou dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS). A amostra consiste de 10.571 mulheres (≥ 40 anos) residentes em todas as regiões brasileiras. Modelo de regressão de Poisson com abordagem hierarquizada foi utilizado para estimar razões de prevalência. Resultados: As características associadas à não realização de mamografia foram: idade ≥ 60 anos, baixa escolaridade, viver sem companheiro, avaliar negativamente o próprio estado de saúde, possuir alguma doença crônica, não praticar exercício físico, não realizar o exame clínico da mama até um ano, ou o exame de Papanicolaou até três anos, não ter consultado com médico no último ano, não possuir plano de saúde, sentir-se discriminada por profissional de saúde e ter cadastro em uma unidade de saúde da família. Variáveis sociodemográficas se sobressaíram no Norte e Nordeste; e nas outras regiões, condições de saúde e hábitos de vida. Conclusão: Variáveis relacionadas ao uso dos serviços de saúde tiveram destaque na não realização da mamografia. Ações que reduzam a desigualdade no acesso ao exame devem ser adotadas em cada macrorregião do Brasil.
ABSTRACT: Introduction: Mammography is the main screening test for early detection of breast cancer; however, its access is not equal for all women in Brazil. The objective of this study was to analyze the factors associated with not having this examination done in a period of less than two years in Brazil and according to macro-region, considering sociodemographic characteristics, health conditions, lifestyle, and the use of health services. Method: Cross-sectional study using data from the National Health Survey in Brazil (Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde - PNS). The sample consisted of 10,571 women (≥40 years old) living in all Brazilian regions. Poisson regression model with hierarchical approach was used to estimate prevalence ratios. Results: The characteristics associated with not getting a mammogram were: age ≥60 years, low schooling, living without a partner, negative health self-rating, having some chronic disease, no regular exercise, not getting a clinical breast examination for up to one year or a Pap smear for up to three years, not seeing a doctor in the last year, not having health insurance, feeling discriminated by a health professional, and being enrolled in a family care unit. Sociodemographic factors were prominent in the North and Northeast, while in other regions, health conditions and health behavior were predominant. Conclusion: Variables related to the use of health services were especially important in not getting a mammogram. Measures should be taken in each macro-region of Brazil to reduce disparities in access to mammography.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the consumption of processed and ultra-processed foods among children aged 13-35 months and its associated factors. We studied 1,185 children within the BRISA ...cohort in São Luís, Maranhão State, Brazil. The food consumption was investigated using a 24-hour recall, and the percentages of daily caloric intake and nutrients were estimated by food groups according to "NOVA" classification. We chose to categorize children belonging to the upper tertile of the distribution as having a high consumption of processed and ultra-processed food products. The Poisson regression model with robust variance estimation using a hierarchical modeling approach was used to calculate the prevalence ratios (PRs) of variables associated with high consumption of processed and ultra-processed food products. The mean energy intake was 1,226Kcal/day. After adjustments, there was a higher proportion of high consumption of processed and ultra-processed food products among children whose mothers had < 12 years of education and among children who were older than 16 months. Mothers with low schooling and children older than 16 months should be the targets of interventions aimed at reducing consumption of these food products and preventing adverse health outcomes in later life.
This study estimated the percentages of incomplete immunization with new vaccines and old vaccines and associated factors in children 13 to 35 months of age belonging to a birth cohort in São Luís, ...the capital of Maranhão State, Brazil. The sample was probabilistic, with 3,076 children born in 2010. Information on vaccination was obtained from the Child's Health Card. The new vaccines, namely those introduced in 2010, were meningococcal C and 10-valent pneumococcal, and the old vaccines, or those already on the childhood immunization schedule, were BCG, hepatitis B, human rotavirus, polio, tetravalent (diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae b), yellow fever, and triple viral (measles, mumps, rubella). The study used hierarchical modeling and Poisson regression with robust variance. Prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated. Incomplete immunization was higher with new vaccines (51.1%) than with old vaccines (33.2%). Children 25 to 35 months of age (PR = 1.27; 95%CI: 1.14-1.41) and those in economic classes D/E (PR = 1.20; 95%CI: 1.06-1.35) were only significantly associated with new vaccines; low maternal schooling (PR = 1.58; 95%CI: 1.21-2.06), unavailability of outpatient and/or hospital care for the child (PR = 1.20; 95%CI: 1.04-1.38), and unavailability of the vaccine in health services (PR: 1.28; 95%CI: 1.12-1.46) were only associated with old vaccines. Immunization strategies should consider the vulnerability of older preschool-age children and those belonging to classes D and E, especially when new vaccines are introduced, as well as children of mothers with low schooling. Strategies should also address problems with the availability of health services and vaccines.
The aim of this cross-sectional study nested in a cohort was to describe the targeting and coverage of the Family Income program in children 13 to 35 months of age. Data were obtained from the BRISA ...Birth Cohorts in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo State, and São Luís, Maranhão State, Brazil. The cohorts started in 2010 with the inclusion of all the births in Ribeirão Preto (7,794) and 5,236 in São Luís, covering a random sample of one third. In the follow-up waves in 2011 and 2013, 3,805 children returned in Ribeirão Preto and 3,308 in São Luís. The data were used from the time of follow-up and were integrated with the information from the Single Registry (CadÚnico). Two eligibility criteria were considered for receiving the Family Income benefit: monthly per capita family income of BRL 140.00 or less (approximately USD 38.00) and economic classes D/E. The percentages of targeting and covering were estimated for Family Income. Weighting was performed for losses to follow-up. According to family income, the program's targeting was 33.8% in São Luís and 15.9% in Ribeirão Preto; according to economic class, it was 33.7% in São Luís and 15.3% in Ribeirão Preto. According to per capita family income, coverage was 82.1% in São Luís and 71.6% in Ribeirão Preto; and according to economic class it was 68.9% in São Luís and 46.8% in Ribeirão Preto. The program's targeting rates were low, while the coverage rates were better. Both indicators were higher in São Luís than in Ribeirão Preto.
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