This article aims to identify networks of constitutional text structured in an imperceptible way. Constitutions has the power to reveal how its devices "dialogue" with each other, forming their own ...communicative communities. With the help from the network analysis methodology, an interpretative model of textual mapping is proposed based on internal references between the provisions of one Constitution. We use the Brazilian Constitution, whose text is very detailed, analytical and deals with various issues. As a result, a network was identified that included 174 connections between 95 articles of the Constitution and the existence of normative communities that share codes or communicative standards. The study demonstrates the strong possibility to found structuring axis of this communities and relates to the other issues that have reached constitutional stature, showing that the complexity of some Constitutions can be observed beyond its logical sequential structure.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection commonly leads to neurologic manifestations. In the present review, we aimed to investigate potential neuroimaging markers of ...early diagnosis and prognosis of neurologic manifestations in COVID-19.
Our study was registered in the Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) under the protocol CDR42021265443. Based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we selected 51 studies for whole-manuscript analysis.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was the most common imaging method. The pattern, sites of lesion, signs, and symptoms of neurologic injury varied. Such manifestations possibly resulted from a direct viral infection or, most likely, from indirect mechanisms including coagulation disturbances, hypoxemia, and immunological responses.
The heterogeneity of the studies precludes any generalization of the findings. Brain MRI is the most informative imaging exam. Population studies, including the entire spectrum of COVID-19 are missing. There is still a need for future population studies evaluating neurologic manifestations of all COVID-19 severities acutely and chronically.
Studies focused on the mechanism of CO2 electroreduction (CO2RR) aim to open up opportunities to optimize reaction parameters toward selective synthesis of desired products. However, the reaction ...pathways for C3 compound syntheses, especially for minor compounds, remain incompletely understood. In this study, we investigated the formation pathway for hydroxyacetone, acetone, and 1,2-propanediol through CO(2)RR, which are minor products that required long electrolysis times to be detected. Our proposed reaction mechanism is based on a systematic investigation of the reduction of several functional groups on a Cu electrode, including aldehydes, ketones, ketonealdehydes, hydroxyls, hydroxycarbonyls, and hydroxydicarbonyls, as well as the coupling between CO and C2-dicarbonyl (glyoxal) or C2-hydroxycarbonyl (glycolaldehyde). This study allowed us to derive the fundamental principles of the reduction of functional groups on Cu electrodes. Our findings suggest that the formation of ethanol does not follow the glyoxal pathway, as previously suggested but instead likely occurs via the coupling of CH3* and CO. For the C3 compounds, our results suggest that 1,2-propanediol and acetone follow the hydroxyacetone pathway during CO2RR. Hydroxyacetone is likely formed through the coupling of CO and a C2-hydroxycarbonyl intermediate, such as a glycolaldehyde-like compound, as confirmed by adding glycolaldehyde to the CO(2)-saturated solution. This finding is consistent with CO2RR product distribution, as glycolaldehyde formation during CO2RR is limited, which, in turn, limits hydroxyacetone production. Our study contributes to a better understanding of the reaction mechanism for hydroxyacetone, acetone, and 1,2-propanediol synthesis from CO2RR and gives insights into these interesting compounds that may be formed electrochemically.
The objectives of this study were to evaluate the toxicity of ozone on Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boheman, 1833) in lima bean seeds, determine the instantaneous population growth rate (r
i
) of these ...insects exposed to lethal and sublethal ozone doses, and evaluate their effects on the physical and physiological characteristics of lima beans. Toxicity was determined by using estimates of lethal doses (mg/g) for 50% and 95% of adult insects (LD
50
and LD
95
) at the top and bottom of the fumigation chamber. We found that LD
95
values were 121.75 and 87.79 mg/g when the insects were distributed at the top and bottom of the chamber, respectively. The r
i
values decreased from 0.077 to 0.002 when the seeds were exposed to ozone, while they increased from 0.07 to 0.08 when the seeds were exposed to oxygen. The water content of the seeds decreased from 11.2% b.u to 10.38% b.u. when the ozone dose increased. The germination percentage increased from 67% to 93% when the ozone dose was increased. Conductivity decreased from 51.88 μS cm
−1
g
−1
to 32.47 μS cm
−1
g
−1
when the ozone dose increased. The apparent specific mass increased when the ozone dose increased from 732.44 m
−3
to 738.51 m
−3
. Ozone is toxic to Z. subfasciatus and affects its instantaneous growth rate; however, it does not affect grain quality. Therefore, ozone has the potential to be used to control Z. subfasciatus in stored grains.
Resumen Este artículo pretende comprender cómo las posibles interpretaciones de la fraternidad pueden articularse a través de diferentes categorías jurídicas. Utilizando palabras clave basadas en ...fundamentos teóricos y con la ayuda de herramientas de clustering, se seleccionaron 29 sentencias firmes de la Corte Suprema brasileña, cuyo análisis permitió identificar tres categorías jurídicas que materializan la idea de fraternidad en el ámbito constitucional brasileño, a partir de elementos de solidaridad, inclusión y humanización, vinculándola no sólo a los derechos humanos, sino también a un sentido de cohesión ciudadana. El desafío sigue siendo comprender si la visión jurisprudencial es representativa del pensamiento colectivo establecido o si sirve de estímulo para orientar nuevos comportamientos sociales.
In this paper we present a technique for procedurally generating 3D maps using a set of premade meshes which snap together based on designer-specified visual constraints. The proposed approach avoids ...size and layout limitations, offering the designer control over the look and feel of the generated maps, as well as immediate feedback on a given map's navigability. A prototype implementation of the method, developed in the Unity game engine, is discussed, and a number of case studies are analyzed. These include a multiplayer game where the method was used, together with a number of illustrative examples which highlight various parameterizations and piece selection methods. The technique can be used as a designer-centric map composition method and/or as a prototyping system in 3D level design, opening the door for quality map and level creation in a fraction of the time of a fully human-based approach.
suicide is a problem with world impact and the leading cause of premature deaths. The study of its distribution over time can bring a changed understanding of parameters attributed to, and the ...prevention of, suicide.
to identify the temporal pattern of suicide by systematic review.
Pubmed (Medline), LILACS, Virtual Health Library (VHL), Science Direct and Scopus (Elsevier), Web of Science (Thomson Reuters) and PsyNET (APA) were searched, using suicide-related descriptors and terms, for observational epidemiological studies of the temporal distribution of suicide. The review protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42016038470).
The lack of uniformity in reporting or standardisation of methodology in the studies selected, hindered comparison of populations with similar socioeconomic and cultural profiles, considerably limiting the scope of the results of this review.
forty-five studies from 26 different countries were included in this review. Clear seasonal patterns were observed by day of the week, month, season and age-period-cohort effects. Few studies studied by trend, time of day or day of the month.
the review findings provide further evidence of substantial temporal patterns influenced by geographic, climatic and social conditions.
•Suicide is a complex public health problem and the leading cause of premature death.•If a clear seasonal pattern is identified, interventions can be better planned.•Monday is the day with the highest frequency of suicide.•Months of Spring and early Summer were the highest frequencies of suicide.•The component most strongly related with changes in mortality rates was age.
The aim of this work was to define the population of regulatory T cells (Tregs) which are circulating in the blood of Leishmania infected individuals clinically displaying a lesion (active ...disease–AD) and sub‐clinical (SC) ones. We have individually collected blood samples, processed the PBMC and stained with fluorochrome‐conjugated antibodies against CD3, CD4, Foxp3, CD25, CTLA‐4, Ki‐67, CCR4, CCR5, and CCR7. Cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. Our results suggest that CD25 and CTLA‐4 are upregulated in Tregs of AD patients when compared to SC and uninfected (UN) controls. Moreover, Tregs proliferate upon infection based on Ki‐67 nuclear antigen staining. Finally, we have observed that these Tregs of SC and AD patients upregulate CCR4, but not CCR5 and CCR7. There is an increase in the number of circulating Tregs in the blood of Leishmania infected individuals. These cells are potentially more suppressive based on the increased upregulation of CD25 and CTLA‐4 during clinical infection (AD) when compared to SC infection. Tregs of both SC and AD cohorts are proliferating and express CCR4, which potentially guide them to the skin, but do not upregulate CCR5 and CCR7.
•The effects of hot rolling on CuAlBeNbNi SMA has been assessed.•Structural, morphological, thermal and mechanical characterizations were analyzed.•Samples from the central and superficial regions ...present different direct and reverse martensitic transformation temperatures.•For the same hot rolling level, differences in direct and reverse martensitic transformation temperatures were observed for both regions.
In this work, the influence of the hot rolling on the microstructure, thermal and mechanical properties of CuAlBeNbNi shape memory alloy was investigated. A reduction in the amount of austenite phase was observed due to the reduction in thickness for the central region of the samples, and an increase in the amount of this phase for the superficial region. Both the central as well as the superficial region of the analyzed samples showed an abnormal grain growth for a thickness reduction of 50 and 75%, more than twice when compared to the thickness reduction of 21%. The transformation temperatures and thermodynamic potentials were more sensitive to the sample removal region than to the percentage reduction in thickness. In addition, the elastic modulus, estimated by the ultra-micro hardness test, on the superficial region was more than 68% lower than the central region for all thickness reduction. This behavior is associated with a larger amount of the martensite phase on the superficial region, which may be attributed to the superficial oxidation and consequently a compositional modification of the Be content.
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