Position Statement on Active Outdoor Play Tremblay, Mark S; Gray, Casey; Babcock, Shawna ...
International journal of environmental research and public health,
06/2015, Letnik:
12, Številka:
6
Journal Article
Recenzirano
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A diverse, cross-sectorial group of partners, stakeholders and researchers, collaborated to develop an evidence-informed Position Statement on active outdoor play for children aged 3-12 years. The ...Position Statement was created in response to practitioner, academic, legal, insurance and public debate, dialogue and disagreement on the relative benefits and harms of active (including risky) outdoor play. The Position Statement development process was informed by two systematic reviews, a critical appraisal of the current literature and existing position statements, engagement of research experts (N=9) and cross-sectorial individuals/organizations (N=17), and an extensive stakeholder consultation process (N=1908). More than 95% of the stakeholders consulted strongly agreed or somewhat agreed with the Position Statement; 14/17 participating individuals/organizations endorsed it; and over 1000 additional individuals and organizations requested their name be listed as a supporter. The final Position Statement on Active Outdoor Play states: "Access to active play in nature and outdoors--with its risks--is essential for healthy child development. We recommend increasing children's opportunities for self-directed play outdoors in all settings--at home, at school, in child care, the community and nature." The full Position Statement provides context for the statement, evidence supporting it, and a series of recommendations to increase active outdoor play opportunities to promote healthy child development.
DATA-GENERATING PATENTS Simon, Brenda M; Sichelman, Ted
Northwestern University law review,
01/2017, Letnik:
111, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Patents and trade secrets are often considered economic substitutes. Under this view, inventors can decide either to maintain an invention as a trade secret or to seek a patent and disclose to the ...public the details of the invention. However, a handful of scholars have recognized that because the patent disclosure requirements are not always rigorous, inventors may sometimes be able to keep certain aspects of an invention secret, yet still receive a patent to the invention as a whole. Here, we provide further insight into how trade secrets and patents may act as complements. Specifically, we introduce the concept of "data-generating patents," which refer to patents on inventions involving technologies that by design generate valuable data through their operation or use. For instance, genetic tests and medical devices produce data about patients. Internet search engines and social networking websites generate data about the interests of consumers. When data-generating inventions are patented, and the patentee enjoys market power over the invention, by implication, the patentee also effectively enjoys market power over the data generated by the invention. Trade secret law further protects the patentee's market power over the data, even where that data is in a market distinct from the patented invention and especially after the patent expires or is invalidated. We contend that the use of patents and trade secrets as complements in this manner may sometimes yield socially harmful results. We identify the conditions under which such results occur and make several recommendations to mitigate their effects.
Not only must biotechnology inventions be new, useful and nonobvious, but they also must meet heightened requirements for patentability. Here, Simon and Scott review several recent patent decisions ...that can profoundly affect the biotech industry. In these cases, the courts ruled on essential questions to patentability, including whether inventions are even eligible for protection.
Background. Since the mid-1990s, effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens have improved in potency, tolerability, ease of use, and class diversity. We sought to examine trends in treatment ...initiation and resulting human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) virologic suppression in North America between 2001 and 2009, and demographic and geographic disparities in these outcomes. Methods. We analyzed data on HIV-infected individuals newly clinically eligible for ART (ie, first reported CD4 + count <350 cells/μL or AIDS-defining illness, based on treatment guidelines during the study period) from 17 North American AIDS Cohort Collaboration on Research and Design cohorts. Outcomes included timely ART initiation (within 6 months of eligibility) and virologic suppression (≤500 copies/mL, within 1 year). We examined time trends and considered differences by geographic location, age, sex, transmission risk, race/ethnicity, CD4 + count, and viral load, and documented psychosocial barriers to ART initiation, including non—injection drug abuse, alcohol abuse, and mental illness. Results. Among 10 692 HIV-infected individuals, the cumulative incidence of 6-month ART initiation increased from 51% in 2001 to 72% in 2009 (P trend < .001). The cumulative incidence of 1-year virologic suppression increased from 55% to 81%, and among ART initiators, from 84% to 93% (both P trend < .001). A greater number of psychosocial barriers were associated with decreased ART initiation, but not virologic suppression once ART was initiated. We found significant heterogeneity by state or province of residence (P < .001). Conclusions. In the last decade, timely ART initiation and virologic suppression have greatly improved in North America concurrent with the development of better-tolerated and more potent regimens, but significant barriers to treatment uptake remain, both at the individual level and systemwide.
Clinical supply chain managers who do not apply effective employee turnover strategies could negatively affect team performance, employee morale, employee well-being, patient outcomes, productivity, ...profitability, and the sustainability of organizational activities. The purpose of this multiple case study was to explore strategies that supply chain managers used to decrease employee turnover in clinical logistics organizations. The targeted population consisted of 6 clinical logistics supply chain managers working in 6 community hospitals located in Maryland who had experience implementing successful strategies to decrease employee turnover. The servant leadership theory served as the study’s framework. Data collection included semistructured interviews and a review of company records. Data were analyzed according to Yin’s comprehensive data analysis method, including categorizing and coding words and phrases, word frequency searches to categorize patterns, and organizing the data to interpret recurring themes. Five main themes emerged from the data analysis: understanding employee turnover, proactive leadership, employee professional development, motivating employees, and effective communication. The findings from this study might contribute to social change by providing strategies that clinical logistics supply chain managers can implement to reduce employee turnover, which might sustain organizational profitability, improve the quality of life for employees, quality of service to patients, lower unemployment rates, and promote community health, wealth, and sustainability.
Background. The role of active hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication in chronic kidney disease (CKD) risk has not been clarified. Methods. We compared CKD incidence in a large cohort of HIV-infected ...subjects who were HCV seronegative, HCV viremic (detectable HCV RNA), or HCV aviremic (HCV seropositive, undetectable HCV RNA). Stages 3 and 5 CKD were defined according to standard criteria. Progressive CKD was defined as a sustained 25% glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decrease from baseline to a GFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m². We used Cox models to calculate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results. A total of 52 602 HCV seronegative, 9508 HCV viremic, and 913 HCV aviremic subjects were included. Compared with HCV seronegative subjects, HCV viremic subjects were at increased risk for stage 3 CKD (adjusted HR 1.36 95% CI, 1.26, 1.46), stage 5 CKD (1.95 1.64, 2.31), and progressive CKD (1.31 1.19, 1.44), while HCV aviremic subjects were also at increased risk for stage 3 CKD (1.19 0.98, 1.45), stage 5 CKD (1.69 1.07, 2.65), and progressive CKD (1.31 1.02, 1.68). Conclusions. Compared with HIV-infected subjects who were HCV seronegative, both HCV viremic and HCV aviremic individuals were at increased risk for moderate and advanced CKD.
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