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•WO3/WS2 nanocomposites were successfully synthesized using facile hydrothermal method and subsequent annealing technique.•The gas sensing performance of WS2 and WO3/WS2 ...nanocomposites were investigated and shows excellent selectivity towards NO2.•WA-600 sensor showed a maximum response of 123% for 10 ppm NO2 with short response/recovery time of 11 s/ 163 s at RT.•The DFT calculations were performed to study the interfacial charge transfer between WO3/WS2 nanocomposite and gas molecules.•Gas sensing mechanism of WO3/WS2 nanocomposites were discussed.
In this article, we synthesized WO3/WS2 nanocomposites by facile hydrothermal synthesis followed by thermal annealing treatment and analysed its gas sensing properties. The thermal annealing process was carried out in different temperatures from 400 ℃ to 600 ℃ to form WO3/WS2 nanocomposite. During the thermal annealing process, the hydrothermally synthesized pure WS2 nanosheets undergo partial oxidation constructing WO3 on the surface developing active heterojunctions leading to increment in the sensing performance. The fabricated WO3/WS2 samples showed superior sensitivity and selectivity towards NO2 gas molecules. The pristine WS2 nanosheets showed a response of 26% towards 10 ppm of NO2 gas with a response and recovery time of 13 s /18 s, whereas WO3/WS2 nanocomposite prepared by annealing at 600 ℃ showed a maximum response of around 123% with a short response time of 11 s and recovery time of 163 s. The DFT calculations were performed to understand the gas sensing performance and interfacial charge transfer between the WO3/WS2 nanocomposite and gas molecules. Therefore, this study demonstrates that the indigenous heterojunctions contribute extensively to improving the gas detection capabilities of WO3/WS2 nanocomposites at room temperature.
Physiology is regulated by interconnected cell and tissue circadian clocks. Disruption of the rhythms generated by the concerted activity of these clocks is associated with metabolic disease. Here we ...tested the interactions between clocks in two critical components of organismal metabolism, liver and skeletal muscle, by rescuing clock function either in each organ separately or in both organs simultaneously in otherwise clock-less mice. Experiments showed that individual clocks are partially sufficient for tissue glucose metabolism, yet the connections between both tissue clocks coupled to daily feeding rhythms support systemic glucose tolerance. This synergy relies in part on local transcriptional control of the glucose machinery, feeding-responsive signals such as insulin, and metabolic cycles that connect the muscle and liver. We posit that spatiotemporal mechanisms of muscle and liver play an essential role in the maintenance of systemic glucose homeostasis and that disrupting this diurnal coordination can contribute to metabolic disease.
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•Muscle Bmal1 is partially sufficient to drive local glucose metabolism•Diurnal transcriptomes of liver and muscle are largely independent•Even in combination, liver and muscle clocks do not impart systemic glucose tolerance•Synergy between feeding rhythms and liver and muscle clocks enables glucose tolerance
Smith et al. rescued circadian clock function in liver and muscle in otherwise clock-less mice, finding that glucose tolerance is achieved only when feeding rhythms and Bmal1 function in liver and muscle are engaged simultaneously. The authors posit that disruption of this spatiotemporal mechanism contributes to circadian-disruption-induced metabolic disease.
The mammalian circadian clock, expressed throughout the brain and body, controls daily metabolic homeostasis. Clock function in peripheral tissues is required, but not sufficient, for this task. ...Because of the lack of specialized animal models, it is unclear how tissue clocks interact with extrinsic signals to drive molecular oscillations. Here, we isolated the interaction between feeding and the liver clock by reconstituting Bmal1 exclusively in hepatocytes (Liver-RE), in otherwise clock-less mice, and controlling timing of food intake. We found that the cooperative action of BMAL1 and the transcription factor CEBPB regulates daily liver metabolic transcriptional programs. Functionally, the liver clock and feeding rhythm are sufficient to drive temporal carbohydrate homeostasis. By contrast, liver rhythms tied to redox and lipid metabolism required communication with the skeletal muscle clock, demonstrating peripheral clock cross-talk. Our results highlight how the inner workings of the clock system rely on communicating signals to maintain daily metabolism.
Molecular clocks and daily feeding cycles support metabolism in peripheral tissues. Although the roles of local clocks and feeding are well defined at the transcriptional level, their impact on ...governing protein abundance in peripheral tissues is unclear. Here, we determine the relative contributions of local molecular clocks and daily feeding cycles on liver and muscle proteomes during the active phase in mice. LC–MS/MS was performed on liver and gastrocnemius muscle harvested 4 h into the dark phase from WT, Bmal1 KO, and dual liver- and muscle- Bmal1-rescued mice housed under 12 h light/12 h dark cycles with either ad libitum feeding or time-restricted feeding in the dark phase. Additional molecular and metabolic analyses were performed on liver and cultured hepatocytes. Feeding-fasting cycles had only minimal effects on liver and few, if any, on muscle. In contrast, Bmal1 KO altered the abundance of 674 proteins in liver and 80 proteins in muscle. Rescue of liver and muscle Bmal1 restored ∼50% of proteins in liver and ∼25% in muscle. These included proteins involved in fatty acid oxidation in liver and carbohydrate metabolism in muscle. For liver, proteins involved in de novo lipogenesis were largely dependent on Bmal1 function in other tissues (i.e., the wider clock system). Proteins regulated by BMAL1 in liver and muscle were enriched for secreted proteins. We found that the abundance of fibroblast growth factor 1, a liver secreted protein, requires BMAL1, and that autocrine fibroblast growth factor 1 signaling modulates mitochondrial respiration in hepatocytes. In liver and muscle, BMAL1 is a more potent regulator of dark phase proteomes than daily feeding cycles, highlighting the need to assess protein levels in addition to mRNA when investigating clock mechanisms. The proteome is more extensively regulated by BMAL1 in liver than in muscle, and many metabolic pathways in peripheral tissues are reliant on the function of the clock system as a whole.
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•The clock gene Bmal1 regulates more proteins than time-restricted feeding at ZT16.•Liver de novo lipogenesis machinery requires clock function in other tissues.•Secreted proteins are enriched among Bmal1-regulated proteins.•Fibroblast growth factor 1 modulates mitochondrial respiration in hepatocytes via autocrine signaling.
Circadian clock genes and feeding cycles regulate the transcriptome of metabolic tissues. Here, we used tandem mass tag labeling combined with LC–MS/MS to interrogate regulation of the proteome and show that, at nighttime, the effect of knocking out the molecular clock component Bmal1 is substantially greater than the effect of time-restricted feeding. In addition, we show that Bmal1-dependent proteins are enriched for secreted proteins, such as fibroblast growth factor 1, which modulates mitochondrial respiration in hepatocytes. Together, these results reveal layers of circadian regulation.
In recent times, the nanostructured materials of foreign metal ion doped ZnO photocatalysts acts as a hotspot in the research area of photocatalysis because of its non-toxic, cost-effective and ...environmental friendly behaviour. Sr-doped ZnO microspheres were synthesized by the hydrothermal method. In foreign metal ion-doped ZnO photocatalysts, Sr ions are uniformly distributed into ZnO lattice, which reflects the enhancement in the light absorption behaviour. Especially, 5% Sr-doped ZnO shifts the bandgap to visible region up to 422 nm. Sunlight-driven photocatalytic activity revealed that Sr (5%)-doped ZnO shows maximum degradation efficiency of 99%, 90%, and 93% on methylene blue, Rhodamine B, and ciprofloxacin, respectively. Further, the possible degradation mechanism was well-discussed with the help of the elemental trapping test.
The 2010 census round has shown a significant growth in the number of countries collecting ethnic and racial data as a consequence of the increasing consciousness of their internal ethnic diversity ...and to implement more active equality policies addressing ethno-racial discrimination. However, Europe is not part of this dynamic: almost nothing has changed on the ethnic statistics' frontline in between the two census rounds. This article addresses some of the justification for the enduring resistance of "statistical blindness" to ethno-racial diversity in Europe, locating it mainly in the strategy to erase race from the public sphere as a leverage to combat racism. The limits of this strategy in the context of mass migration from former colonial empires where racial subordination and classification have been produced and developed are discussed. Europe should ultimately face its past domination (rebranded but still active today) without silencing its consequences.
The growing concern about the future of the offspring of immigrants in France has prompted the rise of a "second generation question." Access of "new second generations" (i.e., those born from the ...waves of immigration of the 1950s and 1960s) to the job market and their visibility in social and cultural life have challenged the "French model of integration." Moreover, the ebbing of social mobility in the France of the 1970s led to a process of social downgrading which may affect significantly the second generation due to their social background and the persistence of ethnic and racial discrimination. It is thus important to investigate what kind of social mobility is actually experienced by people of immigrant ancestry, and what could hinder their mobility. This article uses the data from a new survey, the Enquete Histoire Familiale (family history survey) conducted in 1999 and based on 380,000 individuals, which analyzes the positions of second generations of Turkish, Moroccan and Portuguese origin. We argue that they follow different paths: a reproduction of the positions of the first generation; a successful social mobility through education; or a mobility hindered by discrimination.
Objectives/Hypothesis
Various intranasal landmarks have been described to aid in the localization of the natural sphenoid sinus ostium. The objectives of this study are to identify the ostium ...location relative to the skull base and assess the relationships between the location of the ostium and sphenoid disease or pneumatization pattern.
Design
Descriptive study.
Methods
Consecutive Xoran Mini‐CAT (Ann Arbor, MI) scans of patients with no history of sinus surgery (n = 202) were evaluated. The natural sphenoid ostium was identified in axial, coronal, and sagittal planes. Distances from the planum to the ostium and from the planum to the sinus floor were calculated. Lund‐Mackay score and pneumatization pattern were recorded for each sphenoid sinus.
Results
The mean distance from planum to ostium was 11.2 ± 2.6 mm (range 4.4–19.2). On average, this encompassed 45.5% ± 10% of the total sphenoid height. ANOVA with posthoc Tukey analysis revealed that the ostium was closer to the planum in sinuses with sellar (P = 0.05) or presellar (P = 0.02) pneumatization, compared to those with postsellar pneumatization. There was no significant relationship between the ostium location and degree of sinus disease. There was a significant difference in the pneumatization pattern between males and females (P = .04). More males had postsellar pneumatization than expected, and more females had sellar pneumatization than expected.
Conclusions
The natural ostium of the sphenoid sinus is located at approximately the midpoint of the sphenoid face. Nevertheless, significant variability can be observed based on the pneumatization pattern. Surgeons should recognize that the ostium may be closer to the skull base when the sinus is less pneumatized.
Level of Evidence
4. Laryngoscope, 125:75–79, 2015
This retrospective study evaluated the anatomical distribution of the superficial temporal artery (STA) in supply of the temporoparietal fascial (TPF) flap for use in patients with unilateral ...microtia undergoing reconstruction. We aimed to determine whether embryologic arrest of pharyngeal arch development would lead to aberrant STA, which impedes reliable harvest of the TPF flap in patients requiring microtia repair.
CT angiograms (CTAs) and 3D reconstruction of the face and neck of 41 patients with microtia, aged 6-21 years, were examined. The number of STA branches, branching pattern, vessel diameter, and the presence or absence of the external auditory canal atresia were documented.
The STA crosses the zygoma on average 4 mm more anterior to the porion (anterior–inferior lip of the tympanic part of the temporal bone) on the side with microtia compared to the nonmicrotia side. There were no statistically significant differences between vessel caliber or STA branches between the two sides.
The STA is anatomically reliable for inclusion in TPF flaps, which is used for auricular reconstruction in patients with microtia. A TPF flap can be safely harvested by the routine technique; however, surgeons should be cognizant of the STA coursing more anteriorly on the microtia ear.
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